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0418 Sino-Iranica : vol.1
Sino-Iranica : vol.1 / Page 418 (Color Image)

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doi: 10.20676/00000248
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592   SING-IRANICA

does not form part of the transcription. This is most likely, but the Sino-Indian word is thus recorded in the Pen ts`ao kan mu.

  1.  Add: Skr. also bildla, birâla.

  2.  Sikkim noile, Dhimal nyûl, Bodo nyülai ("ichneumon").

74. ban-de, as suggested by my friend W. E. Clark of the University of Chicago, is connected with Pali and Jaina Prakrit bhante, Skr. bhadanta ("reverend") .

79. I have traced Tibetan sendha-pa to Sanskrit sindhuja. This, as a matter of fact, is correct, but from a philological viewpoint the Tibetan

form is based on Sanskrit saindhava with the same meaning ("relating to the sea, relating to or coming from the Indus, a horse from the Indus country, rock-salt from the Indus region "). The same word we find in

Chinese garb as   Pt 4 sien-t`o-yo, *siän-da-bwa, explained as "rock-
salt " (Fan yi min yi tsi, section 25). Tokharian has adopted it in the form sindhap or sintap (S. Lkvi, Journal asiatique, 1911, II, pp. 124,139).

158. The recent discussion opened in the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (1917, p. 834) by Mr. H. BEVERIDGE in regard to the title tarxan (tarkhan, originally tarkan), then taken up by Dr. F. W. THOMAS (ibid., 1918, p. 122 ), and resumed by BEVERIDGE (1918, p. 314), induces me to enlarge my previous notes on this subject, and to trace the early history of this curious term as accurately as in the present state of science is possible.

The word tarkan is of Old-Turkish, not of Mongol, origin. It is first recorded during the Tang dynasty (A.D. 618-906) as the designation of a dignity, usually preceded by a proper name, both in the Old-Turkish inscriptions of the Orkhon (for instance, Apa Tarkan) and in the Chinese Annals of the Tang (cf. THOMSEN, Inscriptions de l'Orkhon, pp. 59, 131, 185; RADLOFF, Alttürk. Inschriften, p. 369, and Wôrterb. TürkDialecte, Vol. III, col. 851; MARQUART, Chronologie d. alttürk. Inschriften, p. 43; BIRTH, Nachworte zur Inschrift des Tonjukuk, pp. 55-56). An old Chinese gloss relative to the significance of the title does not seem to exist, or has not yet been traced. According to Birth, the title was connected with the high command over the troops. The modern Chinese interpretation is "ennobled:" the title is bestowed only on those who have gained merit in war (WATTERS, Essays, p. 372). The Tibetan gloss indicated by me, "endowed with great power, or empowered with authority," inspires confidence. The subsequent explanation, "exempt from taxes," seems to be a mere makeshift and to take too narrow a view of the matter. A lengthy dissertation on the meaning of the title is inserted in the Ain-i Akbari of 1597 (translation of BLOCHMANN, p. 364); but it must not be forgotten that what holds good for the Mongol and Mogul periods is not necessarily