国立情報学研究所 - ディジタル・シルクロード・プロジェクト
『東洋文庫所蔵』貴重書デジタルアーカイブ

JOHANNES GRUEBER AND ALBERT DORVILLE.   169

the first, but by no means the last who made the two lakes belong to two different hydrographical systems, instead of one single system, the Satlej. As Joseph accompanied Andrade on all his journeys and perhaps was one of his two Christian servants on the first journey, he may have given Kircher the information which is missing in Andrade's narrative. This is only so far important, that, if all facts were known, we should be able to fix a year for the effluence of both lakes. I find it likely that the informant has made his observation on the place about 1624-1627. This period must have been very rich in precipitation, which also agrees with Andrade's description of the heaps of snow and the snow falls on the Mana pass even in June.'

Remembering the hopeless confusion that has existed amongst European geographers about the Manasarovar and the sources of the great Indian rivers until comparatively lately, it is not surprising that the representation on maps some 25o years ago was still more fantastic. But Andrade is innocent as to the misinterpretation of his text.

For a long time the cartographers in Europe did not take any notice at all of Andrade's discoveries.' Only Delisle on his map of India and China, published in 1705, has entered Chaparangue or Tibet and a big lake from which two rivers issue, the Ganges and a river flowing through the Kingdom of Tibet. On d'Anville's map of 1733 Dshaprong (Tsaparang) is also marked on a river coming from the Rakas-tal, but he has got his material from the Tibetan side of the Himalaya.

Therefore Andrade had no greater influence as an explorer and as a creator of new material to the maps, than as a preacher of the Gospel in Tibet.3

In this connection I will only mention the famous journey of the two Jesuit Fathers JOHANNES GRUEBER and ALBERT DORVILLE straight across Asia, from Peking to India. They left Peking on April 13th, 1661, and travelled through Si-ngan, Lan-chow, Si-ning, and along the northern shore of Koko-nor. After crossing Tsaïdam they

ascended the Tibetan highlands and crossed the great feeders of the Blue River. Tang-la was the highest range they had to conquer, a range which nearly 200 years later became so famous through Huc and Gabet. From the monastery, Reting-gompa, they continued to Lhaga and proceeded thence to Shigatse, and over the Langur mountains to Katmandu in Nepal. They reached Agra viâ Patna in March 1662,

»Nous nous arrêtâmes dans le dernier village nommé Manà, pour attendre la fonte des neiges dans un desert qui conduit au Thibet, et par lequel on ne peut passer que durant deux mois de l'année; pendant les dix autres mois tous les chemins sont obstrués.» Of the inhabitants of Srinagar Andrade says at another place: »En outre, la neige qui tomba en abondance en fit périr une grande quantité.»

2 Cantelli says that his map La Gran Tartaria, 1683, was constructed in accordance with the narratives and itineraries of the Jesuit Fathers, and MM. Tavernier and Thevenot. But he has no lake at the source of the Ganges, and no Tsaparang or Rudok. So he seems to have ignored Andrade completely.

3 From 1658 to 1667 François Bernier travelled in India and also visited Kashmir. He collected some information about Tibet and the caravan road to Kashgar, which belong to a later part of this work.

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