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0238 Southern Tibet : vol.1
南チベット : vol.1
Southern Tibet : vol.1 / 238 ページ(白黒高解像度画像)

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doi: 10.20676/00000263
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174

MAPS OF THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY.

the Ganges. So far there can be no talk of a »greater Tibet» as a physicogeographical or political unity; at the very most the mere name appears on

some of these early maps. Only with Delisle is a really new type inaugurated,

showing Tibet as a definitely bordered country north of the Himalaya. And with him we enter upon more solid ground so far as a cartographical classification in types

is concerned. The next type, the most revolutionary of all, is introduced by D'AN-VILLE, who totally changes the map of Tibet, and whose influence stretches far into recent times, so much so, that it can still be traced on RECLUS' map of 1882. To d'Anville's type we must reckon KLAPROTH, and all his followers amongst the great German cartographers, RITTER, GRIMM, MAHLMANN, HUMBOLDT, BERGHAUS; and even KIEPERT. After d'Anville we can hardly speak of any new original type before the journeys of MONTGOMERIE's Pundits, a type which has culminated in the actual representation of Tibet, the result of modern European exploration. HODGSON, SCHLAGINTWEIT, SAUNDERS and RICHTHOFEN may also be regarded as representatives of different types, but as their maps are constructed only on hypotheses, they are of no great importance.

While Dr. Dahlgren's system of cartographical types for Japan embraces only the one century from 155o (Gastaldi) to 1655 (MARTINI), for Tibet we may speak of types falling within two centuries, from about 1700 (Delisle) to about 1900 (the exploration which is still going on). This difference simply depends upon the fact that Tibet has made resistance against European exploration much longer than Japan and any other country in Asia. Before 1700 Tibet can hardly be said to play any cartographical part at all, and our attempts to extract any information from earlier maps will therefore prove to be rather negative. But our object being also to trace the localisation of the sources of the great rivers we have to go back to the middle of the fifteenth century. In a much later time European investigation slowly begins to conquer the ramparts round Tibet.

In the middle of the 15th century cartographical and cosmographical studies were in a particularly flourishing state at Venice and Genoa, and from that period dates the first map we are going to consider, namely the Genoese Map of the World of 1447, which is preserved at the National Library of Florence (Pl. XII.). Prof. THEOBALD FISCHER regards it as the most important map of the I5th century, and indeed it supersedes the famous map of FRA MAURO, 1459, in the way it shows both the mountains and rivers of southern Asia.' Ptolemy's influence is very clearly to be seen; the great features of the orography are the same as his, and the Indus with its five source branches is of a perfectly Ptolem can type. The easternmost of the branches is the Zaradrus of Ptolemy, the Satlej of our days. On the other hand, Fischer regards the Ganges of this map as drawn from more recent

= Sammlung Mittelaltlicher Welt- und Seekarten Italienischen Ursprungs und aus Italienischen Bibliotheken und Archiven. Dr. Theobald Fischer. Venedig 1886, p. 155 et seq.