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0360 Southern Tibet : vol.1
南チベット : vol.1
Southern Tibet : vol.1 / 360 ページ(白黒高解像度画像)

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doi: 10.20676/00000263
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22$   MAPS FROM THE FIRST THIRD OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY.

South of Tangut is a lake Cara Nor, the same as Ides' Cananor, the Chiamay of older maps. As on most maps of the time Indus and Ganges reach too far north, 37 and 38° N. lat. India therefore becomes, to a great extent, the immediate neighbour of Eastern Turkestan, and Tibet is removed eastwards as if it were situated

between India and China.

Regarding the second map, Pl. XLIV,' we find that the geography is exactly the same, only the names are changed. Both Tibets are now joined under the

name Tangut, and in the northern half is the town Tangut. On the upper Yekegoll is a place Akaschin.2 Lassa has been changed into the town Dsurdsut, which in the text was said to have been conquered by Ogus-Chan, and Cara Nor is now called Lac Möhill, situated in Cara Kithai, which practically coincides with upper Burma. The map therefore, as its title indicates, agrees with Abul Ghazi's text, but not with real facts. The editor believes that the author, with his Cara Kithai, means Tonkin or Cochin China, as being situated south and S.S-W. of China.

The following passage gives an idea of the conception one had at that time

about the nature of Tibet. In a note the editor says that for travelling from Great Tartary viâ Tangut to Tonkin, and Pegu, one has to follow the boundaries of China or Great Mogul, for it is impossible to pass through the central parts of Tangut on account of the vast sand deserts which occupy the interior of this kingdom, and which stretch from the very frontiers of the Kingdom of Ava, to a considerable distance northwards and beyond the frontiers of the Kingdom of Tangut. All that was known of the interior of Tibet had been brought back by Grueber, and he had shown that it was possible to cross the country.

Hwangho, under the name Cara-muran, is said to be one of the greatest

rivers in the world; it has its source at 2 3° N. lat. on the boundaries of Tangut and China, »in a great lake, which is enclosed within the high Mountains separating these two States». From its source the river runs north along the frontiers of Xien-si and Tangut to 37° N. lat., after which it continues outside of the great wall and waters Tibet, which shows how very vague the knowledge of these regions was.

On the two maps, Pl. XLIII and XLIV, Jerkeen or Jerkehn is still north

of Caschgär, and there are Axu, Kutschaï, Chateen, Luczin, Turfan, and Chamill; the Tarim is finally to be seen, after such a long absence, since Ptolemy; it empties itself into a great lake, which must be the Lop-nor though situated north of Turfan. The mountains south of this basin are called on our map Imaus Mons, on the other Mus Tag.4 Very likely this more intimate information of Eastern Tur-

I Carte de l'Asie Septentrionale Dans 1'Estat où Elle s'est trouvée du temps de la grande Invasion des Tartares dans l'Asie Meridionale sous la Conduite de Zingis-Chan.

2 The English Edition, p. 492, says: by others called Cashin».

3 French edition, p. 357, Martini had 30', which is at any rate much nearer to the 35° where the source is in reality.

4 In the English edition, p. 469, the following explanation is given of the situation of the Kingdom of Kashgar: »'Tis bounded on the North by the Country of the Callmaks and Mungals; on the