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Exploration, history of : Kailas Mt. and Range - Fordableness,

Fords

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knowledge in the i6th and 17th centuries I: 144 -153, 159, 166, 178, 180, 182, 184, 186f., 189 ff., 198, 203, 206, 209, 240, 242, VII: 23f., 31f., 48, 57, 61, 63, 114; 18th, 19th centuries I: 201, 215f., 218, 221, 223f., 227f., 252, 267, 273, 275, 281, 285, II:

19, 66, 83, io6f., III: 44f., 88f., 92, 133, 135, VII: 35, 74, 97, 102,

114, 128, 131, 135, 168, 176, 442; Hedin's explorations, 1906/08,

IV: 192-199, 424.

Kailas Mt. and Range I: 5 f., 8, 17--21, 66f., I07, 110 -115, 119, 123, 127-130, 266, 278, II: 77, III: 12, 36, 67, 217 f., IV: 304, VII: 77, 194, IX4: 27.

Kara-korum, résumé VII: 469; existence still denied by Rawlinson VII: 120; first certain knowledge VII: 118, 120, 177 182; first crossing VII: 316; proved as a system by the Schlagintweits VII : 316, 326.

Kwen-lun I: xx, 40, 84, III, 194, 203, 222f., 250, III: 30, 40, VII: 74, 90, 97, 121, 386, VIII: 5, 82.

Manasarovar II: 1of., 13,

25-53, 112f., 163, 205, III: 36,

VII: 26-29, 31 f., 77, 86, 113,

115, 117, 122, 164, IX4: 59, s. also Sacred Las.

Eastern Pamir VII : 7, 37 -46,

76, 119f., 163, 216, 291; identified with Ts'ung-ling VIII: 3, 19, 42, 46, 79 f., 84 -87; Hedin's journey in IX: 1-83.

Sacred Las. (Manasarovar and

Rakas-tal) I: xxi-xxx, 19ff., 28, 48, 58-65, 82 ff., 110 -113, 123 130, 154-157f., 168, 173, 204, 240-243, 245, 274 ff., 283, 285, 287 -292, II: "7, VII: 32,

VIII: 34f.; 19th century II: 5f., 13 -17, 24, 28 ff., 31, 38, 51f., 60-73, 91-94, 136-139; the Stracheys II: 86-92, 126; Pundits II: 102 -113.

Satlej I: 11 f., 69, 153, 176, 191f., 198, 201, 203, 216ff., 221, 236, 267f., 283-290, 292, II: 41, 46, VII: 22, 113, IX4: 41 f.

•        Tarim, on Chinese maps VIII:

213f., 247, 249, 264, 285f., 289, 292, 299, 303, 308 f., 385 f., 388f., 394f., 402, 404 f. ; on Turkish maps VIII: 411 ff., 427; pretended upper course of Huang-ho I: 84, VIII: 5, 8f., 213f., 240, 249, 286, 305, 388; on Ptolemy's atlas I: 39, 183, 222, VIII: 9; on European maps in the 18th century I: 222, 250, 255.

Tibet, difficulties of investigating I: xv, 276f., IV: 65, 75, 109, 114f., 227, 267, 291; first mentioned by Carpini I: 134 ; first

157

vals. IX: 34, 39; Transhimalayan vals. III: 27o ff., 274f., 282.

Faults V: 98, 2r I f., VII : 563f., 571.

Feldspar III: 329, V: 'if., 15, 24, 26, 35, 39, 41, 48f., 54, 57 ff., 62 -67, 105f., 116, 136f., IX: 55, 143, 145, 162f., 165f.; rocks without V : 65 f., 85, 87, 9of., 99, io3 ff., 107, 140, 142, 169f.

•  -granite VII: 466.

•  -sandstone IV: 244, V: 126. Ferriferous rock specimens V: 17,

20 f., 23 ff., 33, 37, 41, 51, 62, 68,

8o, 91, 97, 106, 134, 137, 143, s. also Iron ore.

Ferries : at Tsangpo I: 105, II:

268, 270, 275, 293f., 298, 307f.,

318, III: z6o, IX4: 65f.; other

rivs. III: 256, IX4: 78, 84, 88 ff. Festivals, Tibetan II: 294, III: 22. Fire-places IV: 88f., 269, 271, VII:

438.

•  -stone, s. Flint.

Firnmulden IV: 376f., VII: 428,

IX: 15, 20, 51, 54, 62.

Fish II: 47, III: 141, 256, 282, 346, 356, IV: 153, 183, 292, 296, 'VII: 212, 410.

Fissures in clay ground IV: 41, 71, s. also Cracks.

Flint (Fire-stone) II: 321, IV: 260,

V: 24, 26, 127.

Flocks : of nomads in Eastern Pamir IX: 15, 33f., 40, 42, 45, 54f., 57, 59, 73, 75f., 84; in Tibet II: 315, 319f., 325, III: 264f., 285,

303f•, 313f., 333f., 366, IV: 379. Floods : at Buptsang-tsangpo III:

322; Manasarovar II: 137; Tsangpo II: 301.

-, s. also Cataclysms, Inundations.

Fluvial period at Manasarovar II:

154.

Flysh (-formation) V: 202f., 207f.,

IX: 174.

Fog IV: 222f., IX: 4, Dust-f., Mist.

Folding, metamorphes gneiss-granitites V: 13; during Cretaceous and Tertiary V: 206, VII : 502, 545, 587; Herzynic of Pamir IX: 173.

•  troughs, Tibetan VII: 5oof.,

503, 552f., 555f.

Folds, folded strata II : 166, IV:

324, 379, V: 17, 181, 184f., 209 -212, VII: 500 -503, 537 ff., 549f., 552f., 555f., 561-564,

571, 575, 585, IX: 55, 173. Foraminiferal deposits V: 6. 124,

143, IX: 157, 167, 176ff.

Fordableness, Fords : of Indus II: 107, III: 341; Tsangpo II: 235, 257 ff., 261f., 270f., 274, 287f., 322f., 326, III: 154, IX4: 62f., 65f.; other rivs. III: 268, 283f.,

287, 294, 312, 317, 349f., IV:
310, VII: 515, IX: 4f., 22, 80.

appearance in European maps I: XXIV ; first correct representation I: xxvii ; the first Europeans in I: 139f., III: 4.

Transhimalaya, general remarks III: 3, 167; resumés III: 95, 212 f., IV : 331f.; early knowledge I: 90, III: 3ff., Io, 13, 31, 33ff., 82, 95, 158, VII: 8; 19th century III: 56, 68, 72, 81, 91f., 95f., 121, 123, 126 f., 133 f., 147, 154, 156, 171, 176, 187 f., 191, 193 -196, 200ff., 211 ff., 219,228,260,

7.  131, 162, 171, 173, 184, 201, 219, 341, 372, 560; Hedin's journeys 1906 -1908 in Central T. I: xxxif., II: 293, III: 188, 245-369, IV: 331-393, 400 403, VII: 563 ff.

Tsangpo, antique knowledge I: 25, 33, 37, 4of., 9of., 124, 233; i6th and 17th centuries I: xxv, 185, 191, 199, 231-234, 238 ff., II: 267 ff., IV: 355; 18th century I: 221, 223, 227, 243, 267, 277f., 283 -290, II: 217 221, 268-272, III: 30f.; relation to Manasarovar I: xxix, 287, II : 271; problem of identity with Tsangpo I: xxv, xxvii, 286f., II: 7, 221, 277 - 283, III: 36, 97; 19th century II: 3 2, 223 -250; Nain Sing II: 233 237, 273-276, 280, IV: 355; Ryder II: 32, 132, 244-248, 273 ff., III: 221, IV: 285, 355; Hedin's journey II : 245 ff., 287, 291-330, III :130, 1V353 -365.

Ts`ung-ling, Chinese explorations III : 55, VIII : 3 -78, 85, 230, 294 ff., 299f., 327 ff., 378 ff., 395 401; identified with Pamir VII: 346, VIII: 3, 19, 42, 46, 79f., 84ff.; European knowledge during the 19th century VII: 149 ff., 156, 161 ff., 166, 173,

8. 25, 28, 49-52, 57, 75 -88. Eastern Turkistan VII : 15, 36, 62, VIII: 3-15, 18f., 21-24, 34ff., 41f., 59ff., 207ff., 229ff.,

249 ff., 277, 289, 292 ff., 298f., 306 -320.

Exploration, s. also Cartography, Geographical information, Lakes of Tibet, Orography, Sources, Terra incognita.

Exposition, influence on freezing of brks. IV: 45.

Fakirs, Account of two II: i o ff., Falks II: 152, IX: 109.

Fall: of Indus and Shayok II: 95, VII: 522 -525; Tsangpo II: 283, VII: 543f.; other rivs. VII: 521-525, 530f., 543-548.

-, s. also Gradients.

Famines, periodicity of II: 34. Fans : at the base of Ladak Ra. IV: 186f., 193; of Eastern Pamir

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