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India and Tibet : 1 Volume
CONTENTS
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CONTENTS
CHAPTER I
4
WARREN HASTINGS' POLICY : BOGLE'S MISSION-1774
4
Bhutanese aggression on Bengal in 1772
4
Warren Hastings repels aggression
4
Tashi Lama intercedes on behalf of Bhutanese
5
Warren Hastings replies, proposing treaty of amity and commerce
7
His policy
7
He selects Bogle for Mission
8
His instructions to Bogle
9
Value of discretionary powers to agents
10
Bogle's reception by 'Tashi Lama
13
The Lama acknowledges unjustifiability of Bhutanese action
14
Conversation regarding trade
16
Bogle receives two Lhasa delegates
17
Tibetan fear of the Chinese
18
Bogle suggests alliance with Tibetans against Gurkhas
19
Obstructiveness of Lhasa delegates
20
The Nepalese instigate the Tibetans against Bogle
21
Conversations with Kashmiri and Tibetan merchants
22
CHAPTER II
26
WARREN HASTINGS' POLICY (continued) : TURNER'S MISSION-1782
26
Warren Hastings' further efforts
26
Captain Turner sent to Shigatse
27
Power of the Chines
28
Admission to traders granted
29
Nepalese invasion in 1792
30
Closing of intercourse with Tibet
31
CHAPTER III
33
MANNING'S VISIT TO LHASA-1811
33
Manning's previous career
33
He makes friends with the Chinese
34
Obtains permission from them to visit Lhasa
37
He visits the Grand Lama
37
His stay in Lhasa, p. 38. Results of his journey
39
Subsequent exploration
40
CHAPTER IV
42
THE BENGAL GOVERNMENT'S EFFORTS-1873-1886
42
Bengal Government urge improvement of intercourse with the Tibetans, 1873
42
Press for admission of tea to Tibet
44
Delay caused by reference of local questions to central Governments
45
Colman Macaulay's efforts in 1885
46
The Tibetans cross our frontier in force, 188
47
Neither Chinese nor Tibetan Government can or will withdraw them
48
General Graham expels them
49
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CHAPTER V
50
THE CONVENTION WITH CHINA-1890
50
The Chinese ask that a treaty should be made
50
Convention signed t March, 1890
51
Trade Regulations signed December, 1893
52
Tibetans fail to observe Regulations
54
Bengal Government wish to protest
55
Government of India prefer to be patient
55
Tibetans occupy land inside Treaty boundary
56
Efforts to demarcate boundary
57
Tibetans remove boundary pillars
59
Sir Charles Elliott proposes occupation of Chumbi
61
Government of India adhere to policy of forbearance
62
Reasons for Tibetans' seclusive policy
63
Chinese fail to arrange matters
64
Report on result of five years' working of the Treaty
65
CHAPTER VI
66
SECURING THE TREATY RIGHTS-1899-1903
66
Attempts by Lord Curzon to open direct communication with Dalai Lama
66
Dalai Lama's Mission to Russia
67
Russian Government disclaim its having political nature
68
'Tibetans expelled by us from Giagong inside Treaty boundary
71
Rumours of Russo-Tibetan agreement
72
Reasons why Russian activity in Tibet should cause Indian Government anxiety
73
Indian Government propose sending Mission to Lhasa
76
CHAPTER VII
79
NEGOTIATIONS WITH RUSSIA-1903
79
Russian protests
79
Lord Lansdowne's rejoinder
81
Russian assurances of no intention to interfere in Tibet
82
Such assurances did not preclude possibility of 'Tibetans relying on Russian support
83
CHAPTER VIII
84
A MISSION SANCTIONED-1903
84
Views of His Majesty's Government on general question
84
Correspondence with Viceroy as to scope of Mission
86
Viceroy's proposal to have agent at Gyantse
87
Decision to despatch a Mission to Khamba Jong
87
Correspondence with the Chinese
88
Instructions to the British Commissioner, p. 91. Justification for despatch of Mission
92
CHAPTER IX
95
SIlIILA TO KHAMBA JONG-1903
95
I am summoned to Simla, May, 1903
95
Receive Lord Curzon's instructions, p. 96. Mr. White's arrival
97
Magnificent scenery on way to Darjiling
100
Views of Kinchinjunga
101
Assistance given by Bengal Government
103
Tropical forests
104
Character of Lepclias
107
Hard work of 32nd Pioneers
108
Reach Upper Sikkim
109
Tibetans protest against our passing Giagong
110
Lhasa delegates arrive on frontier
111
Mr. White, with escort, reach Khamba Jong
112
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CHAPTER X
116
KHAMBA JONG-1903
116
I join Mr. White at Khamba Jong
116
Interview with Mr. Ho
117
Speech to Tibetan delegates
118
They refuse to report to Lhasa
121
Recreations at Khamba Jong
122
Deputation from Tashi Lama
123
Arrival of Mr. Wilton
124
Viceroy suggests to Resident he himself should meet me
124
Two Sikkimese seized by Tibetans, p. 12.5. Shigatse Abbot arrives
125
Situation grows threatening
128
Departure of Mr. Ho
131
My suggestions to Government for meeting the situation
132
Aid given by Nepalese
133
British representation to Chinese Government
138
Recommendations of Indian Government
140
Secretary of State sanctions advance to Gyantse
140
Viceroy notifies Chinese Resident
142
Chinese Government protest
143
Russian Government also protest
144
Justification for advance
146
CHAPTER XI
149
DARJILING TO CHUMBI-1903
149
Question of advancing in winter or waiting till spring
149
Risks in crossing Himalayas in winter
150
Transport preparations
151
Departure from Darjiling
152
Crossing the Jelap-la (pass)
153
Protests from Tibetans
155
Arrive Yatung
156
Macdonald occupies Phari
157
Obstruction of Lhasa monks
159
Extreme cold
160
Crossing the Tang-la
160
CHAPTER XII
162
TUNA-1904
162
Lhasa officials come to Tuna
162
I visit Tibetan camp
163
Critical situation
166
Conclusions as to Tibetan disposition
167
Lhasa General visits me
168
Severe cold
169
Bhutanese Envoy arrives
169
His attempts to reason with Tibetans
170
Our losses from cold
172
Macdonald arrives, March 28
173
We advance to Guru
174
Troops advance without firing
176
Tibetans refuse to allow passage
177
Sudden commencement of action
178
Chinese Resident urges delay
179
Our arrival at Gyantse
180
CHAPTER XIII
182
GYANTSE-1904
182
Friendly attitude of people
182
But no signs of negotiators
183
I advocate preparations to advance to Lhasa
184
Tibetan troops again assemble
185
Mission attacked
187
Brander attacks Tibetans on Karo-la (pass)
189
He returns to Gyantse
191
Advance to Lhasa sanctioned by Home Government
191
Mission escort reinforced
192
Captains Sheppard and Ottley
192
Brander attacks Palla village
194
I am recalled to Chumbi
195
Attacked at Kangma
196
I advocate preparing to stop at Lhasa for winter
197
Government discourage the idea
199
Renewed pledges to Russia
201
How these fettered the Indian Government
201
Meeting with Tongsa Penlop of Bhutan
203
More aid from Nepal
206
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CHAPTER XIV
208
THE STORMING OF GYANTSE JONG-1904
208
Macdonald, with reinforcements, leaves Chumbi
208
Good feeling of country people
208
Reinforcements reach Gyantse
209
Ta Lama arrives to negotiate
211
He is informed jong must be evacuated
215
Operations against jong commence
217
Gurdon killed
218
Grant leads assault
219
Jong captured
220
Negotiators not to be found
221
Preparations for advance completed
221
Tongsa Penlop informs Ta Lama of my readiness to negotiate en route to Lhasa, and Dalai Lama of our terms
222
CHAPTER XV
223
THE ADVANCE TO LHASA-1904
223
Dalai Lama asks Tongsa Penlop to effect a settlement
223
Action at Karo-la
224
At Nagartse find deputation from Lhasa
225
They ask us to return to Gyantse
226
They fear their religion will be spoilt
230
And that Russians might want to go to Lhasa
231
Importance I attached to good personal relations
232
The beautiful Yam-dok Tso (lake)
233
Arrival at Brahmaputra
234
Letter from National Assembly
235
Question 'whether to negotiate here or go on to Lhasa
236
Major Bretherton drowned
237
Dalai Lama's Chamberlain brings letter from his master
238
I reply that we must advance to Lhasa
239
We discuss general question of intercourse with India
240
Further discussion with Ta Lama
243
We advance across Brahmaputra
247
Final deputation attempts to dissuade us from going to Lhasa
249
Arrival at Lhasa
250
CHAPTER XVI
251
THE TERMS-1904
251
Disadvantage of being pressed for time
251
Views of Indian Government regarding terms
252
Their desire to have Agent at Lhasa
252
And to occupy the Chumbi Valley
256
The question of an indemnity
257
Of an Agent at Gyantse
258
Of exclusive political influence in Tibet
259
Of facilities for trade
259
His Majesty's Government consider proposals excessive, and decide against Agent at Lhasa
260
And against Gyantse Agent proceeding to Lhasa
262
Amount of indemnity to be such as can be paid in three years
262
CHAPTER XVII
263
THE NEGOTIATIONS
263
Chinese Resident visits me day of our arrival at Lhasa
263
Question of entering Lhasa city
264
Impressions of city
265
Reception by Chinese Resident
266
Nepalese representative and Tongsa Penlop of Bhutan visit me
267
Flight of Dalai Lama
269
Chinese Resident says ordinary people anxious for intercourse
270
The Ti Rimpoche (Regent) commences negotiations
273
Disagrees with obstructive policy of National Assembly
274
Two Sikkimese prisoners released
276
Difficulties in regard to indemnity
279
Tongsa Penlop suggests that Nepal, Bhutan, and Tibet should look to England
280
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Chinese Resident denounces the Dalai Lama
282
Tibetans incline to agree to some of terms
282
But continue to protest against indemnity
284
CHAPTER XVIII
289
THE TREATY CONCLUDED-1904
289
Pressure for time
289
Military considerations demand very early withdrawal
290
Necessity for decisive action
290
'Tibetans presented with final terms
291
They propose extension of time for payment of indemnity
294
Reasons for accepting proposal
294
Question of Chumbi Valley
295
Permission for Gyantse Agent to proceed to Lhasa
299
I insist on signing Treaty in Potala
300
The ceremony of signature
303
CHAPTER XIX
307
IMPRESSIONS AT LHASA-1904
307
Release of prisoners
307
Visits to monasteries
309
Character or Lamas
310
The effects of Lamaism on Tibetans and Mongols
314
Visit to Jo Khang Temple
316
The inner spirit of the people
317
Socia side of Tibetans
318
Tibetan view of English
319
Chinese attitude to Tibetans
321
CHAPTER XX
325
THE RETURN-1904
325
Farewell visits
325
Sensations of good-will
326
Good behaviour of Indian troops
327
Exploring parties
328
Successful work of Rawling and Ryder
330
Return to Simla
332
Meeting with Lord Curzon
333
Audience of His late Majesty
333
Mission flag placed in Windsor Castle
334
CHAPTER XXI
335
RESULTS OF THE MISSION
335
Good-will of Tibetans
335
Friendship of Bhutan
336
Scientific results
337
Indemnity reduced by His Majesty's Government
338
Period of occupation of Chumbi reduced
338
Permission for Gyantse Agent to proceed to Lhasa abandoned
339
Reasons of His Majesty's Government for above
339
CHAPTER XXII
342
NEGOTIATIONS WITH CHINA-1905-1910
342
Convention with China confirming Lhasa Convention
342
Unfriendly attitude of Chinese in Tibet
343
Their attempts to prevent direct relations with Tibetans
344
Sir Edward Grey's remonstrances
345
Indian Government complains of breaches of Lhasa Convention
347
Chinese device to prevent direct relations between us and the Tibetans in regard to payment of indemnity
348
Question of evacuating Chumbi Valley
354
Chumbi evacuated
359
Trade Regulations agreed to
359
Chinese forward movement commences
362
Bhutan taken under our protection
365
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CHAPTER XXIII
367
ATTITUDE OF THE TIBETANS SINCE 1904-1904-1910
367
Favourable Tibetan attitude following signature of Treaty
367
Dis-. turbances in Eastern Tibet, 1905
368
Batang annexed by Chinese
372
Dalai Lama's movements in Mongolia
377
Anglo-Russian agreement in regard to Tibet
378
Dalai Lama arrives in Peking
382
Leaves Peking
385
Arrives near Lhasa, November, 1909, and complains of Chinese encroachments
386
Arrives in Lhasa
387
Chinese intention to take away his temporal power
389
Chinese troops arrive in Lhasa
389
Dalai Lama flees
391
Arrives in Darjiling
392
Visits Viceroy in Calcutta
394
Tibetan Ministers ask for British officer with troops to be despatched to Lhasa, and for alliance
395
Dalai Lama's request for aid refused, p. 396. But British Government makes protest to Chinese Government
396
Chinese state they merely wish to exercise effective control
398
Dalai Lama deposed
399
Chinese view of situation
400
Indian Government's views
403
Lord Morley's views
404
CHAPTER XXIV
407
SOME CONCLUSIONS
407
Tendency to centralization of control
407
Reasons why British administrators in India lack confidence in centralization in London
408
Remedies for evil
411
More intimate personal relationship
412
More trust in the " man on the spot," p. 415. Summary of situation in Tibet
415
Morality of intervention in Tibet, p. 416. Co-operation with Russia
421
Chinese generally good neighbours
421
Necessity for securing removal of inimical local Chinese officials
423
And for preserving intimate touch with Tibetans
424
A forward policy recommended
428
CHAPTER XXV
430
A FINAL REFLECTION
430
"A strange force" or " the designs of bureaucrats,"
430
No deliberate intention to conquer India
432
Impelled to intervene in Tibet
433
Probability of some force impelling us on
434
Reality of an inherent impulse
435
Its direction towards harmony
436
Hence disorder invites intervention
436
Our intellects should be used to give impulse definite effect
438
APPENDIX
439
Anglo-Chinese Convention, 1890
439
Trade Regulations, 1893
440
Anglo-Tibetan Convention, 1904
441
Anglo-Chinese Convention, 1906
443
Anglo-Russian Convention, 1907
444
INDEX
447
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