beggars in the workhouse. They are given 2 sets of clothes, one padded, the other for the summer, 120 djin of grain, half wheat and half gaolyan, and 2 lan in cash. In case of death 5 lan are paid for the funeral. Bribes have to be given, however, to get in and sometimes young people are in receipt of relief, while old people and cripples get nothing. The population looks well-to-do and the taxes are paid regularly (there have been several good harvests). The whole town bears the stamp of towns in the south, but it seems lifeless in comparison with Kashgar, Yarkand and Khotan. The Turfanlik makes a good-natured, cheerful and affable impression. Perhaps this may be due to my seeing him after living among Dungans, who are far behind the Sarts in geniality.
The Chinese fortress lies a mile ESE of the Sart town. It is much smaller in size and encloses a space 1/3 of a mile square. The road leading east to Qara Khoja, Pichan and Hami cuts the fortress in two. A short bazaar street leads from the middle of it to the S gate. A chemist, a couple of undertakers, an opium seller and a few fruit stalls, all in friendly collaboration. In the northern part there are the barracks of an infantry in and the yamen of the district mandarin. The garrison consists of too-16o worthy representatives of the old military China which is evidently doomed to disappear. A Tungling commands the detachment as well as a cavalry tchi in Toqsun and 1/2 tchi in Pichan. The fortress is in better condition than many of those I had seen. 8,000 lan are assigned annually for its maintenance. The wall, 3 1/2 m in height, built of unbaked bricks, has 3 gates in the W, S and E, protected by semicircular projections; the corner projections have turrets with 4 loopholes each, two of which are for cannon, and smaller projections between them and the gates. The latter are also provided with small turrets. The gates are of rough timber with iron fittings. The inner gateway is of baked bricks, 19 yards wide. A space, 3o ft. wide, runs along the wall, protected by a crenellated breastwork, 5 ft. high. Outside it there is a ditch, in good condition, 18 ft. wide flanked to some extent by the projections at the gates and corners.
The area next to the fortress consists of level, tilled land, intersected here and there by small ariqs. The village of Bagry lies to the W, Minar to the N and Eski Turpan to the E. The esplanade is bounded by the Sart town in the W and collections of houses in the S; in the W and SW there is a small river that has cut a deep, ravine-like bed for itself. The villages Lözium and Seidykhan maz. stretch out along it, forming a long, shady belt. There are a few buildings, clumps of trees or single trees here and there. In the E and NE the Bagryning su flows N—S in a tiny valley, the eastern bank of which rises slightly. There are no noticeable folds in the ground.
There are the following Shang-ja in the district: 4 for the town of Turfan and the following villages: Yar Khoto too houses and 400 inhabitants and Yar 15o houses and 800 inhabitants on the road from Urumchi; Kurutka w houses and 20 inhabitants, Buluynk 300 houses and t,000 inhabitants, Bagra 120 houses and 600 inhabitants and Yangi mähällä 20 houses and 3o inhabitants in the N and NE; Chatkal (3o Karyses) 400 houses and 1,5oo inhabitants. Turpan kre (2o Karyses) 25o houses and r,000 inhabitants. Erh-gung (Lampa gunghsan in the Sart language) 25o houses and 1,200 inhabitants (25 Karyses) and Yangi shahr (to Karyses) 15o houses and 400 inhabitants in the E; Yar bashi (2o Karyses) 25o
) 352 (
IIIFカラー高解像度
