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His administrative staff consisted of a Kichik Arnbdn, " Little Governor" or Deputy Governor, a sort of Private and Foreign Secretary combined, who was the medium of communication for all the next subordinate ranks; a Yang Tay Ddlay, " Chief Military Commandant," who had the control of all the troops in the country ; a Yang Pang Ddlay, or Chief Civil Administrator," who superintended the trade, post, and intelligence departments ; the Sang Ddlay, " Chief Finance Minister," who supervised the revenue returns, trade imports, and municipal taxes ; and Kh6b6y hdlay, " Chief Judicial Administrator," with whom rested the control of the Law Department; cases affecting only Khitay subjects he settled himself, but those occurring between Musalman and Khitay he referred, in conjunction with the Wdng, for the decision of the Khan Amban. Each of these Ddldy or " chiefs" had under him a Ghalddy oz " Deputy," who really did all the work, and brought it in each case to his Dalciy for confirmation; and each Ghalddy had under him a staff of subordinates, such as messengers, writers, policemen, &c., whose chief was called Doghobeg. A similar staff formed the Government establishment under an Amban in each division of the province, and each of those divisional dmbdn reported direct to the Khdn Ambdn at Yarkand. The divisional Ambans always resided at the chief city or capital town of their respective divisions, in a separate citadel called Yangishahr, which was held by the Khitay troops, under the command of a Dâlay, who was next in rank to the Amban. The Ddldy commandants were of different ranks, distinguished by the colour of the balls on their hats, and in the larger garrisons, as those of Yarkand and Kashghar, there were two or three of them. The highest was called Changtdy Ddldy, and the next in order Kh6, and Md, and Yé, &c. The Ma Ddldy held command of the Trengani troops. The second in command of these halay was called Ghalddy, and under him were the Zdngyei or Captain (Jiczbâshi), the Konya, or Lieutenant (Pinjabdshi), the Linyd or Serjeant (Onbdshi), and the Chirik, or Private (Jigit). These were the principal Chinese officers, and all the higher grades were changed every two or three years for new incumbents, sent either from Ila, or from Pekin.
The Musalman officers held their appointments at the option of the Khan Amban who usually received heavy bribes from time to time to retain them in their posts, though in the first place, the highest grades were always appointed from Ila, and the officer selected was always a native of some other city than that in which he held office ; thus a native of Akstl would be sent to Khutan, one of Turfan to Yarkand, and so on.
The highest rank was called lldkim Beg, or " Governor Commandant," and corresponded with that of the divisional dmbdn. The Chinese called this officer Wdng or "chief." He carried out the details of Government over the Musalman subjects of the division ; he ruled and was responsible directly to the dmbdn for the maintenance of order, collection of the revenue, and protection of the frontier. He had no authority whatever over Khitay or Kalmak subjects, and very little over the foreign Musalmans, as will be presently seen, and was in all respects subordinate to the dmbdn. The Wang, Commissioner of Division, resided in a palace inside the city or town, with a considerable staff of officials attached to his court, and a guard of Khitay troops, under a Zzingya, which was periodically relieved from the Yangishahr. He had a " Deputy Commissioner" called Ishikdghdsi, who superintended the details of the Municipal Government, and reported direct to the Wâng. The executive staff comprised a number of officers who acted under a chief called Beg. There was a Beg or " Assistant Commissioner" appointed to the charge of each district of the division, and his duties were, to maintain order, keep the roads, and collect the revenue. His staff comprised a Cazi or " judge," a Zakdtchi, or " customs officer," a Jebacki, or " revenue collector," together with a treasurer, secretary, and a number of messengers and policemen, and in certain localities a guard of Khitay troops under a Zungyd or Linyd according to its strength.
The subordinate Musalman officials had no dealings with the Khitay, who were under officers of their own nation ; nor had the Khitay officials any direct dealings with the Musalmans. The latter were entirely governed by their own Hdkim Beg or Wang, who decided their law-suits amongst themselves on his own authority. But cases affecting both Musalman and Khitay were adjudicated conjointly by the Wdng and Khob6y Ddldy, or referred for final decision to the dmbdn. The chief duty of the Wang, so far as the Chinese were
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