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M.V. and a Manchu garrison of soldiers of the Green Dragon standard. In the Ila district seven thousand Musalman families were reduced to serfdom as tillers of the soil, whilst the remnant of the Ziinghari were granted roaming tracts in their former locale. The government was confided to a Tzian Tzian or Jang-Jûng =

" Viceroy," with three Lieutenants at Ila, T irbaghatai, and Kashghar ; but the details of local government were left to be administered as before by Musalman officers. Chinese garrisons, however, were located in the principal cities, outposts were established on the frontiers, and post stages built on all the main routes for quick communication. And thus the Chinese secured their conquest.

This success of the Chinese arms alarmed the Islam polity all over Central Asia,

though the border Chiefs immediately under their influence professed vassalage to the Chinese Emperor. Ablai of the Middle Horde in 1766 A.D. submitted to the Boghdo Khan, and was granted the title of Prince. N nr 'Ali of the Little Horde in token of submission sent envoys to Pekin. Whilst Adania or Erdana Bi, the Khan of Khocand in 1758 A.D., and then his successor, Narbota Bi, recognized the protectorate of China. But the rest of Central Asia was panic-struck by the establishment of the Chinese rule on their very frontier.

In 1762 A.D. Chinese mandarins with an escort of a hundred and thirty men

went to Ablai, and demanded horses and supplies for an army to invade Turkistan and Samarcand in the spring. On this Erdânâ Bi of Tashkand, and Fazl Bi of Khujand, and the independent Kirghiz Chiefs sent envoys to seek aid from Shah Ahmad—the Durrani who, after the death of Nadir, had raised Afghanistan into an independent kingdom, and the Afghans to the proud position of the most powerful nation of the East.

Ahmad had, ten years before, conquered all the country on the left bank of the Oxus from Charjûe up to its head waters in Badakhshan, and now in 1763 A.D., in answer to the call for Islamite aid, he sent a force of Afghans to protect the frontier between Tashkand and Khokand. And at the same time he sent an embassy direct to Pekin to demand the restitution of the Muhammadan States of Eastern Turkistan. Meanwhile in 1765 A.D. the people of Iish Turfan, forestalling the Mùsalman aid reckoned on, rose in revolt, but the rebellion was at once quelled by a massacre of the citizens and the complete destruction of the town.

The Afghan deputation was not well received at the Chinese capital, and the Durrani sovereign was at the time too much engaged against the Sikhs to turn his attention in this direction. And the Chinese on their side were deterred from further conquest in the helpless States of Central Asia to the west by the presence of an Afghan army of fifteen thousand men in Badakhshan; sent there to ravage the country and execute the King, Sultan Shah, in revenge for his murder of the two refugee Khojas in 1760 A.D. They brought under subjection, however, the Kirghiz on the north-west, and yearly sent a force from Kashghar and Turbaghatai, accompanied by Chinese traders for barter, to collect the annual revenue of one per cent. of horses and cattle and one per mille of sheep, in return for the privilege of pasturing on the steppe between Lake Balkash and the Alatagh.

After the revolt of Ush Turfan, the Chinese rule was undisturbed till 1816 A.D.,

when Zi'auddin Akhûnd, Karataghlnc of Tashmalik or Tashbaligh = " stone town," to the west of Kashghar, rebelled and with a party of Kirghiz raided the Chinese outposts. He was soon captured and executed, but his son, Ashraf Beg, carried on the war till he shared the same fate. His young brother, however, was sent to Pekin, where he was executed on attaining full age.

This quelled the Karatâghhic for a time, and the government went on without any serious outbreak till 1825 A.D., when the appearance of the Russians on the Bogû camp grounds and the seven rivers led to a decline of the Chinese prestige, which was presently confirmed by the revolt of the Khoja Jahangir.

Under the Chinese rule certain trading privileges were accorded to the city of Aksn and those to the west of it, which were not granted to Kûcha, and the other cities to the east ; whilst no Musalman trader was allowed to go northward by the