Explorations in Turkestan : Expedition of 1903 : 1Volume : Illustrations - National Institute of Informatics / Digital Archive of Toyo Bunko Rare Books

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ILLUSTRATIONS
PLATES
PLATE 1. Decorated pottery from the Anau tumulus 8
PLATE 2. Map showing route from Ldangar to Kara Kul 136
PLATE 3. Map of Southern Turkestan 157
PLATE 4. Map of Iran 217
PLATE 5. Sections of lake deposits from various locations along the northwestern shore of the Lake of Sistan 284
PLATE 6. Map of Sistan 288
TEXT FIGURES
FIGURE 1. Section of the trenched tumulus at Anau 8
FIGURE 2. The trench in the Anau tumulus 8
FIGURE 3. The maul in the Anau tumulus 8
FIGURE 4. Section through a small muffle-shaped object in the Anau tumulus 9
FIGURE 5. Remains of earthen wall in the Anna tumulus 10
FIGURE 6. Plateau of accumulated debris of occupation in Ghiaur Kala 11
FIGURE 7. Paikent, a sand-buried city 12
FIGURE 8. A mosque of the medieval Samarkand 13
FIGURE 9. Water-pool system in the culture accumulations of ancient Samarkand 14,15
FIGURE 10. Sketch of the uplands across the Bosporus, looking eastward from near Robert College, north of Constantinople 26
FIGURE 11. Bird's-eye diagram of the Bosporus at its exit from the Black Sea 26
FIGURE 12. Sketch of headland and foreland, west of Samsun, south coast of Black Sea, 27
FIGURE 13. Profile of elevated shorelines east of Trebizonde, south coast of Black Sea 27
FIGURE 14. Diagram to illustrate the occurrence of gravels near Trebizonde 28
FIGURE 15. Sketch map of the district southwest of Baku 29
FIGURE 16. An old Caspian shoreline, near Baku 30
FIGURE 17. Three-mile section of ridge, 6 miles northeast of Baku, looking north 31
FIGURE 18. The oil-wells of Bibi-Eibat, 2 miles south of Baku, looking south 31
FIGURE 19. A cobble spit on a ridge near Zuyk, 7 miles northeast of Baku, looking north 32
FIGURE 20. Rough sketch soap and sections of the district about Krasnovodsk 34
FIGURE 21. An elevated Caspian shoreline in the Balkhan Mountains, near Jebel station 35
FIGURE 22. Dissected terraces at the base of the Kopet Dagh, south of the Kizil-Arvat 42
FIGURE 23. Sand-hills near Bakharden, looking south 43
FIGURE 24. barkhan near Bakharden, looking south 44
FIGURE 25. A village of Turkoman kibitkas, near Kizil-Arvat 45
FIGURE 26. Geological outline map of the Kopet Dagh, southwest of Askhabad 46
FIGURE 27. Terraces in the Serani Valley, looking northwest 49
FIGURE 28. Two-mile profile of terraces at Namali, looking east 51
FIGURE 29. Two-mile section of synclinal valley, southeast of Namali 51
FIGURE 30. Two-mile profile of terraces in the Duruigar Valley, looking east 52
FIGURE 31. Scheme of terrace development 53
FIGURE 32. The central mound of Ghiaur Kala, from 6o to 80 feet high, in Old Merv 56
FIGURE 33. Sand dunes south of Charjui, looking northwest 57
FIGURE 34. Diagram of railroad cut, south of Jizak 59
FIGURE 35. Diagram of loess drifts, near Kara-bulak, looking south 62
FIGURE 36. Kambar-Ali, the min-bashi of Kugart 65
FIGURE 37. The min-bashi of Itugart and his men 66
FIGURE 38. Kuve-Gen-Shigai-ef, his younger wife, and children, and our head man, Ma'raim 67
FIGURE 39. Kuve-Gen-Shigai-ef and some of his men at Akh Tash, Son Kul 68
FIGURE 40. The flat-topped Bural-Bas-tau, looking southeast 73
FIGURE 41. The flat-topped Bural-Bas-tau, looking south 73
FIGURE 42. Distant profile of the Alexander Range, looking west 75
FIGURE 43. Rough sketch map of the ranges southwest of Issik Kul 75
FIGURE 44. Ideal section from range C to D, figure 43, looking east 76
FIGURE 45. A tarentass at a station on the post-road between Vyernyi and Semipalatinsk 77
FIGURE 46. Rough outline of the Dsungarian Ala-tau, looking south 77
FIGURE 47. Rough sketch of a range near Abunkumof Station, looking south 78
FIGURE 48. The rolling steppe north of Sergiopol, Semipalatinsk 79
FIGURE 49. The Chalai Range from Kum-ashu Pass in the Kok-tal Range, looking north 84
FIGURE 50. Moraine int the Tuluk Valley, looking west 85
FIGURE 51. A young moraine within the old moraine in the Chalai Range, looking north 86
FIGURE 52. Snowfield below Sutto-bulak Pass in the Kungei Ala-tau, looking southwest 88
FIGURE 53. Profile of a cirque at the head of a normal valley 90
FIGURE 54. Cirque in the Kalkagar-tau 90
FIGURE 55. Cirques in the Kalkagar-tau 91
FIGURE 56. Cirque near Sutto-bulak Pass, Kungei Ala-tau 91
FIGURE 57. General cross-section of the Narin formation, looking east 92
FIGURE 58. A small monocline in the Narin formation, looking east 93
FIGURE 59. Three-mile section through Ulu-tuz gorge, looking east 93
FIGURE 60. The Alabuga Valley, looking north 94
FIGURE 61. Four-mile section across the northern border of the Narin formation, looking east 95
FIGURE 62. Fifteen-mile section across the Kach-kar Basin, looking east 96
FIGURE 63. Terraces of the (western) Kugart, looking northeast 97
FIGURE 64. Three-mile section across the (western) Kugart Valley, looking northwest 99
FIGURE 65. Gorge of the (western) Kugart, above Taran Bazar, looking east 99
FIGURE 66. One-mile section of gorge in the (western) Kugart Valley, looking northeast 100
FIGURE 67. Upper terrace of the (eastern) Kugart, near the Kirghiz Bridge 100
FIGURE 68. Gravel bluff in the terraces of the (eastern) Kugart, looking south 101
FIGURE 69. Ten-mile section of landslide in the (eastern) Kugart Valley, looking northeast 102
FIGURE 70. Two-mile section of terraces in Alabuga Valley, looking east 102
FIGURE 71. Three-mile section of terraces at the junction of the Alabuga and Narin rivers 103
FIGURE 72. Ideal section of terraces 104
FIGURE 73. A drowned valley in the plain at the east end of Issik Kul, looking northeast 108
FIGURE 74. Shorelines of Issik Kul at the nothewest end (A), the middle (B), and the northeast end(C) of the lake 109
FIGURE 75. Diagram of the relation of a valley, the raised beaches, and the present shoreline of Issik Kul 110
FIGURE 76. Profile of the Issik Kul shorelines on a granitic headland, looking west 111
FIGURE 77. Effect on tilting on an inclosed lake; uplift on the right 112
FIGURE 78. Effect on tilting on an inclosed lake; uplift on the left 112
FIGURE 79. Stone circles near Lake Son Kul 114
FIGURE 80. A carved stone on the plain at the east end of Issik Kul,looking south 116
FIGURE 81. A skeleton map of Fergana 123
FIGURE 82. Map of the Pamir, taken from Sven Hedin's map 124
FIGURE 83. A kirghiz caravan on its way to the Alai Valley 125
FIGURE 84. A poplar tree in the Taldic Valley 125
FIGURE 85. Looking up the Taldic Valley at the entrance to the broad plain of Ak-Busa-Ga 126
FIGURE 86. Ak-Busa-Ga 127
FIGURE 87. Looking across the Alai Valley to the Trans-Alai Mountains 127
FIGURE 88. The Kirghiz in the Alai Valley 128
FIGURE 89. Looking down the Kara Kul from Uy Bulak Pass 130
FIGURE 90. Delated bowlder of granite 131
FIGURE 91. Deflated bqwlder of granite. hollowed side facing east 131
FIGURE 92. A talus-shrouded mass of crystalline limestone 131
FIGURE 93. A glacial boulder of crystalline limestone cracking from the changes of tem. perature 131
FIGURE 94. Common type of weathered bowiders• 132
FIGURE 95. A kettle-hole lake on them oraine extending from the Kftrumdi, mass transversely into the Alai Valley 133
FIGURE 96. Section of Alai Valley transverse moraine 134
FIGURE 97. Ideal section of " twice [roughed" valley • 134
FIGURE 98. Section across Kizil-Art Valley at Bor Daba, looking north 135
FIGURE 99. Profile to show moraines and terraces of the Kizil-Art Valley 136
FIGURE 100. The northern peninsula of Kara Kul 138
FIGURE 101. An east-west section of the Kara Kul Basin • 139
FIGURE 102. Section of Kara Kul sediments exposed in hillock bluff 139
FIGURE 103. Moraine of the Kara Kul Basin, looking northwest to the older moraine 140
FIGURE 104 and 105. Sediment pushed up by an overriding moraine 141
FIGURE 106. Concretionary growths of calcium sulphate • 141 141
FIGURE 107. Looking north from the front of the Kara Jilga moraine to the Kizil Kur steppe 142
FIGURE 108. The valley heading a little west of Kizil-Art and joining the Kizil Kul steppe 143
FIGURE 109. Drowned valleys on the west side of the north peninsula • 144 144
FIGURE 110. Section looking north up the Sari Tash Valley 147
FIGURE 111. The eastern side of the Sari Tash Valley from about 5 versts below ICatin:Art 148
FIGURE 112. Remnants of Floor A, as seen looking down from just below Taldic: Pass 148
FIGURE 113. Taldic Valley terraces, looking up the Taldic Valley from Floor B, about 63 versts above Gulcha 149
FIGURE 114. Taldic Valley terraces, looking up the Taldic Valley from Floor C, about 46 versts above Gulcha 149
FIGURE 115. Map of the Ak-Busa-Ga grass plain and stream channels 150
FIGURE 116. Section to show double change of slope in Langar gullies 152
FIGURE 117. Section en route, 20 versts north of Langar, Joking 15° south of west 152
FIGURE 118. Explanatory diagram for example in determining relative antiquity of horizons of the waste on the plains 154
FIGURE 119. The sharp peaks south of the Alai crest 155
FIGURE 120. Sketch map of Central Turkestan 160
FIGURE 121. Sketch map showing location of fig. 120 161
FIGURE 122. Folds in the limestone in the Sagan Valley, west of Shor Ku/, looking west: 163
FIGURE 123. Ripple-marks on the lower half of the pink sandstone near Kan Su 164
FIGURE 124. Cross-section of the Tian Shan Plateau 172
FIGURE 125. Scene in the Yak Tash Basin, in the northern part of the Tian Shan Plateau. 173
FIGURE 126. View of the Tertiary strata on the edge of the Kashgar Basin 175
FIGURE 127. Fault scarp on the southern side of the Kuazil Oi Basin, with a smooth deposit of silt lying in front of it 176
FIGURE 128. Drainage of the Kuzzil Oi and- Min Yol basins ' 177 177
FIGURE 129. Gorge,of the Ispairan in its lower portion 179
FIGURE 130. Limestone gorge of the western Kichik Alai 180
FIGURE 131. Longitudinal section of the Khoja Ishken or Kok Su Valley 187
FIGURE 132. Youngest gorge in the Khoja. Ishken 188
FIGURE 133. Marble boulders and beginning of the gorge associated with the fourth Khoja Ishken glacier 189
FIGURE 134. Cross-sections of the Khoja Ishken Valley 190
FIGURE 135. Cross-sections of the three gorges of the Khoja Ishken Valley 190
FIGURE 136. Sketch map showing the location of the Mudirnm Moraines 191
FIGURE 137. Cross-section of the Kan Su Valley at an elevation of 11,000 feet 194
FIGURE 138. Plan of the moraines of the Taka Valley 196
FIGURE 139. Cross-section of the TakaValley, looking north 197
FIGURE 140. View down the Kuzzil Su on the eastern border of Bokhara, showing a gravelfilled valley which has been re-excavated 203
FIGURE 141. Terraces and meanders of another Kuzzil Su near Chadir Kul, on the Tian Shan Plateau, at an elevation of 11,000 feet 204
FIGURE 142. Terrace wall of the Kan Su, west of Kashgar, showing horizontal gravel above tilted Mesozoic strata 205
FIGURE 143. Terraces of the Kok Kiya, on the Tian Shan Plateau, at an elevation of 11,500 feet 206
FIGURE 144. Cross-section of the Isparian Valley, showing successive periods of cutting and filling 207
FIGURE 145. Shor Kul, looking south 209
FIGURE 146. North and south section of the plain of Shor Kul from the lake to the mountains of Dungsugot 212
FIGURE 147. Cross-section of a valley cut in the silt at Dungsugot 212
FIGURE 148. The gravel-coverd lacustine deposits at Dungsugot, illustating the same features as the preceding diagrams 213
FIGURE 149. Windmills at Tabas 228
FIGURE 150. Horizontal section of a Paersian windmill 228
FIGURE 151. Ruins at the mil-i-Kasimabad, near Zahidan 229
FIGURE 152. Sketch map of the double basin of Iran 231
FIGURE 153. The ruinsof Old Kuchan 236
FIGURE 154. North and south section along the Heri Rud at Pul-i-Khatun 238
FIGURE 155. Section near Khitayi, on the southern border of the Zorabad Basin 239
FIGURE 156. North and south section along the Anau Brook, across the Anau fault block 255
FIGURE 157. Terraces of the Heri Rud, near Khatayi 260
FIGURE 158. Sketch map of Kogneh Lake and the Jam Basin 261
FIGURE 159. A slightly terraces valley in the mountains of Binalud Kuh, 30 miles north of Turbat-i-Haideri, March 3, 1904 266
FIGURE 160. Terraces in the valley of Haji Hussein Beg in the Chahak Basin 267
FIGURE 161. The town of Bajistan, looking east 268
FIGURE 162. Terraces at the northeastern corner of the Bajistan Basin 269
FIGURE 163.
FIGURE 164. A typical portion of the gravel desert northeast of Sistan 278
FIGURE 165. A raft of reeds poled by a sayid, or "fowler," on the edge of the swamp of Sistan 279
FIGURE 166. An arm of the Lake of Sistan 280
FIGURE 167. Canals in the delta of the Helmund at Sistan 282
FIGURE 168. Ideal cross-section of the mesa of Kuh-i-Khoja 286
FIGURE 169. Ideal cross-section of the lake terraces and bluffs on the northwest shore of the Lake of Sistan 294
FIGURE 170. Lacustrine bluffs and recent sand dunes near Seh-Kuheh 296
FIGURE 171. Abdandoned beach and lacustrine bluffs at Sebazkim 297
FIGURE 172. Old lake beach at Sbazkim, looking west 298
FIGURE 173. Ideal cross-section of the old lacustrine beach at Sebazkim 298
FIGURE 174. Sketch map of the ancient shore features in the Bay of Sebazkim 299

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Illustrations

National Institute of Informatics - Digital Silk Road Project
Digital Archive of Toyo Bunko Rare Books