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We see here that the skulls from the Somme, with a ratio of 23o, stand in the same class with those of the Iceland ponies and the Anau horse, together with the

Arabian horse and the smallest specimens of Equus przewalskii. Here, too, comes the Auvernier horse of the bronze age, and it agrees well with a Kalmuk horse of Nehring's series; but the Bohemian horses all belong to the narrow frontal class.

Nehring, in his table of this ratio finds the smallest index, on a real horse, on a Turkestan mare brought from Bushed by von Schlagenweit; her index was only 212. He calls broad-fronted all horses with indices up to 240, and narrow-fronted all above this.

Tscherski, as we have seen already in the general discussion, distinguishes also medium-fronted horses, among which he includes all with indices between 226 and 240. If we would avoid the expressions broad and narrow-fronted, it would be better, as Eichbaum has mentioned, to use the terms " dolichoprosopic " and " brachyprosopic " than " dolichocephalic " and " brachycephalic, " since it is not the brain-cap but the face that varies.

The diluvial horses of Germany appear at once to have been narrow-fronted, while those of Siberia, of Tscherski, and the Equus przewalskii of Salenski were the medium-fronted. With these we must rank the horse of Anau, and there remains only the question as to where the horses of Solutré and Kesslerloch belong. Sanson wished to count them among the " dolichocephali ;" he is, however, opposed by Fraas, who ranks them with the Wurtemberg fossil horses as short-headed.

The studies of Studer* and Heschelert also, as regards the Swiss horses, have supplied no valuable data concerning the shape of head.

BASILAR AND PALATAL REGION.

I can not leave the discussion of the skull without touching upon Frank's proportion of the basilar-palatal region, although this dimension can neither be directly measured on the remains from Anau, nor calculated with approximate accuracy. I have determined the value of this index (which is also influenced by the ear-musculature) in discriminating between ass and horse, and I remark that Salenski as well as Nehring considers it of the greatest value; yet Nehring asserts that a real ass, Equus tceniopus, resembles in this respect a horse. But since this index is a weakened repetition of the ear-load and parietal-curvature indices, it is better to use the more delicate method; however this may be, a brief review of this index in our horses is given in the following table:

THE HORSE OF ANAU IN ITS VARIOUS RELATIONS.

Equus asinus from Sarepta, 5 years, after Nehring   

Equus caballus, Exmoor pony, 15 years, after Nehring   

Equus asinus, East Africa, after Nehring    

Equus caballus Auvernier   

Equus caballus Kut terschitz   

Equus caballus Turkestan, to years, after Nehring    

Equus caballus Schuettarschen, Hallstatt time   

Diluvial horse, Remagen, after Nehring.   

From   From

foramen vomer to magnum sutura to vomer. palatina.

88   9.5

95   91

IOI   88

IO2   I00

103   9-1

I15   96

130   100

139   III

*Studer, Die Tierreste aus den Pleistocaenen Ablagerungen des Schweizerbildes bei Schaffhausen.

Neue Denkschriften Schweiz. Naturf., 19o2. Die Knochenreste aus der Höhle zum Kesslerloch bei Thayngen, ibid., 1904..

t Hescheler. A written communication from the author from a study not yet published, received with many thanks.