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THE BONES OF THE EXTREMITIES.   42 I

are about alike. Equus prezewalskii is, according to Salenski's measurements, somewhat larger; the two tibiæ from Vindonissa, on the other hand, which are larger than those of Equus stenonis, are almost equal to those of the horses of Cardammone and Westeregeln.

TARSUS.

Calcaneus.—My material consists of two calcanei from Anau, one calcaneus from Hostomitz (bronze age), one calcaneus of Equus przewalskii juv., one calcaneus from Solutré. While Hensel* finds characteristic features only on the processus anterior, Major and Rütimeyer and Kowalewski name the articular surface for the cuboideum as the most important. As in the Pliocene horse, so in the horse of Anau the articular surface for the cuboideum is remarkably steep, in contrast with the horses of Solutré and Hostomitz. Equus przewalskii also does not show as steep a position of this facet. The back, narrow part of the cuboid joint, which in Equus caballus is often separated from the forward part, forming a facet for itself, is connected in one of the Anau horses and in the horses of Solutré and Hostomitz in the same manner as in Equus stenonis and Hipparion, while one of the calcanei from Anau shows a condition similar to that of the horse.

Table of dimensions (in millimeters).

The other articulating surface, for the astragalus, mentioned by Rütimeyer on the inner edge of the processus anterior, which latter, according to Major, is strikingly small and isolated in the ass and mule, is here large and connected with the facet lying above it. On the other hand, in the horse of Solutré it is isolated, and in that of Hostomitz extremely narrow but connected.

The measurements, which were made conformably to those of Major, confirm what is said above, and according to them a certain primitive relation must be ascribed to the horse of Anau.

Astragales.—For the proportions of the astragalus the reader is referred to the measurements given on page 395. I repeat here only because as regards

*R. Hensel, Ueher Hipparion Mediterraneum. Abh. Kaiserl. Akad. d. Wissensch. Berlin, 186o.

Method of Major.

Method of Salenski and Nehring.

Length of articulation of cuboid-

eum.

Greatest
poste-
rior
width.

Calcaneus.

Length.

Greatest width.

Least width.

Greatest length.

Greatest width.

Anau   

Solutré   

Equus przewalskii   

Hostomitz   

Equus stenonis   

Ass   

Card amone   

Kesslerloch   

Tarpan   

Westeregeln   

Spandau   

I05 I00 100 92 100 I08 107 II2 II2

31

32

33

31

30

34

35

37

I2

I2

I2 II II.5 II.5 I2.5

13.5

7

5

4

4

6

9

5

6

5

5

7

5

9

I05 I00

I00*

112

104 I17

91

52-54 57 55 38

48

42

6o*