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0251 Ancient Khotan : vol.1
古代コータン : vol.1
Ancient Khotan : vol.1 / 251 ページ(白黒高解像度画像)

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doi: 10.20676/00000182
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Sec. ii]

THE CULTURE-STRATA OF YÖTKAN   197

case of the tracts irrigated from the Yurung-kâsh, the level of the cultivated portions of the

oasis is everywhere bound to rise steadily. There may be local differences in the rate of this

rise, in accordance with the varying quantity of water supplied by the several canals, the

distance of the irrigated lands from the canal heads, &c. But considering how near the Ybtkan

fields are to the debouchure of the Kara-kâsh and thus to the region where the river collects

most of this silt on its passage through the outer ranges, the supply of silt cannot fail to be

particularly ample there. It seems safe to assume that land so favourably situated, in a most

fertile and easily irrigated part of the oasis, cannot have been allowed to remain long unculti-

vated after it had once ceased to be the site of a town. Seeing that by the chronological

evidence of the latest of the Ybtkan remains close on eight hundred years must have passed

since the final abandonment of the site, the thickness of the deposit now observed above the

strata of débris presents nothing surprising.

Observations which I had occasion to make again and again after my first visit to Ybtkan Raised level

fully support this explanation. Everywhere within the oasis I noticed that the main roads of irrigated

were sunk considerably below the surrounding level where they pass through land which has ground.

been long under cultivation ; while elsewhere on waste land, near newly tilled fields or within

the villages, they kept flush with the adjoining ground. This low position of the roads was so

uniformly observable and so marked within the old portions of the Khotan oasis that I soon

learned to distinguish them by this test alone from any areas which had been rendered arable

in more recent times by the extension of irrigation on the edges of the oasis or by the

reclamation of waste ground within it. Thus, e. g., in the Tawakkal oasis, lower down on the

Yurung-kâsh, which otherwise exactly reproduces the general conditions of cultivation, &c., of

the Khotan oasis, but had been colonized only some sixty years before my visit, the level

of the fields was nowhere more than about a foot or so above that of the roads. It is

impossible not to seek for a natural cause of the far more deeply sunk position occupied by

all roads within areas of old cultivation. None I could think of seemed more probable than

that the level of the fields is constantly rising by irrigation, while that of the roads cannot

undergo any marked variation.

That erosion of the soft soil by traffic could not be held to account for this striking and Low level of

constant difference in level, seemed clear from two observations. On the one hand, little roads and

cemeteries.

frequented paths leading to small holdings, fields, &c., often showed quite as low a level as constantly used high roads. On the other hand, I was soon struck by a still more characteristic fact—the low position of all the old cemeteries that are surrounded by fields. Cemeteries of any age are easily recognized by their extending around some Mazar or shrine, and in their case I invariably found that the ground-level lay considerably, up to zo feet and more, below that of any adjoining fields 13. Erosion by traffic or winds cannot be thought of here ; for the closely packed and often massive tombs protect such cemeteries effectively against either 14. This curious position becomes, however, at once intelligible if we recall the fact that the fields are constantly receiving a deposit of silt from irrigation, while the cemeteries are naturally kept clear of water and consequently of this accretion.

I have already noted that the soil of the layer which covers the culture-strata' of Ybtkan, Professor

as far as I could judge by the naked eye and without geological training, presented exactly analÿsis of

the same appearance as the loess that forms the arable ground throughout the oasis. Being soil speci-

mens.

   13 For a striking instance, comp. below, sec. v, the   '* For the view of a typical cemetery of this kind, comp.

   description of the old graveyard around the Ziârat of   Fig. i 6..
Bbwa-Kambar.