国立情報学研究所 - ディジタル・シルクロード・プロジェクト
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Ancient Khotan : vol.1 | |
古代コータン : vol.1 |
Finds of ancient pottery.
Interior structure of Stûpa.
Form of original dome.
76 REMAINS OF KASHGAR, OASES OF YARKAND AND KARGHALIK [Chap. IV
it is conducted. The frequency and regularity of these deposits, together with the fineness of the silt itself, account for the total absence of stratification which I noticed in all the banks of earth laid bare by erosion in cultivated fields around Kurghan-Tim and elsewhere in the Kashgar oasis. We shall see that the same observation holds good of the great layer of fertile soil which covers the débris of the ancient Khotan capital, and that its testimony toJthe origin of this soil is decisive.
Long, however, before the study of identical conditions elsewhere had enabled me to explain
the rise of the ground-level near Kurghan-Tim, the fact itself was brought home to me by other evidence. According to a communication made to me by Mr. Macartney at the time of my first visit to the mound, fragments of ancient pottery and also some large earthenware jars had, since his arrival at Kashgar in 189o, been found embedded in the soil near the ruin, several yards below the present surface. It. appears that these finds had been made at some point of the eroded ground on the southern face of the mound. There is scarcely room to doubt that these objects, whatever their age, correspond in character and in their manner of preservation to the pottery débris, terra-cottas, &c., derived from the ` culture-strata' of Yôtkan.
It is evident that the extent of the rise of the level around or above ancient remains, being
dependent on several factors necessarily differing in various localities, cannot by itself furnish precise indication of relative age. But it may be noted that a rise of fifteen feet would by no means be inconsistent with the assumption that the Kurghan-Tim Stûpa was abandoned, and its immediate vicinity converted into fields, about the time when Islam was introduced into Kashgar ; for at Yôtkan, too, where the covering layer of alluvial soil varies from nine to twenty feet in thickness, the finds of coins go down to issues of the Sung Dynasty (960-1126 A. D.). Excavations around the mound might possibly have brought to light some direct evidence of the latest date up to which the Stûpa had remained an object of worship ; but a variety of practical considerations prevented me from undertaking them 4.
Fortunately, however, the exposed portion of the ruin itself shows unmistakable proof of
the antiquity of the structure at the time of its abandonment. On the north-eastern side, where the cutting into the dome is almost vertical, it is easy to distinguish an inner core of solid masonry, clearly separated from an outer mantle, for a vertical distance of about 35 feet. The photograph taken of the northern face of the mound, and reproduced in Fig. 14, shows distinctly the line of junction between the inner hemispherical dome and the outer mantle, at the point marked A in the ground-plan, and indicated in the photograph by a ten-foot rod. There can be no doubt that this outer mantle of masonry dates from later repairs, by which the original dome of sun-dried bricks was encased in fresh masonry and consequently enlarged. That this method of repair and extension was not infrequently applied to Stupas, is proved by the construction of the famous Manikyala Stûpa in the north-western Punjab where the successive enlargements are attested by separate coin-deposits, and by other examples b.
It is due to the protection afforded by the outer mantle that the outline of the original dome can be clearly traced at this place. Judging from the view presented by the photograph,
4 Excavations such as could reasonably be expected to yield useful evidence would, owing to the depth of the original ground-level, have demanded considerable sacrifice of time and money. On the other hand, the utterly ruined condition of the visible remains did not offer much hope of the lower and more accessible portions of the structure having preserved enough of their original outlines, &c., to justify the heavy expense of clearing them. There was besides a quasi-
diplomatic difficulty about such an undertaking. The Chinese local officials, when consulted on the point, stated that a prior right to excavation had been reserved to M. Petrovsky, the Russian Consul-General, and there were circumstances which seemed at the time to render a specific application to the latter inexpedient.
b Compare Archaeol. Survey Reports, ii. pp. 159 sq.; Foucher, L'Art du Gandhara, pp. 78, 92 sqq.
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