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| 0149 |
Notes on Marco Polo : vol.1 |
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窟 兒 Ha-la-ha-ch'a-êrh, and as the name of a region, not of a city. Wu Kuang-ch'êng printed his Hsi-Hsia shu shih in 1825 (prefaces were added in 1826), and he certainly took his Ha-la-ha-ch'a-êrh from the biography of A-shu-lu (? *Ajul; on him, cf. Wang Hui-tsu¹, 17, 10 b; on the name, see «Agiul») in YS, 123, 2 b. The name appears to be Mongolian, perhaps (in spite of some phonetical difficulties) it is *Qara-yajar, «Black earth» (more likely than *Qara-qajar, «Black bridle», adopted in Ch'in-ting Yüan-shih yü-chieh, 7, 7 a), and its form cannot be reconciled with those used by Polo and Rašid, which end in -n. If the two names are to be connected, we ought at least to think of a Mongol adaptation of the original Hsi-Hsia name. But the case remains doubtful.
I am still less convinced that the region (地 ti) of Ha-la-ha-ch'a-êrh can be «Calacian» if «Calacian» was the «temporary» residence of the Hsi-Hsia kings 60 li west of Ning-hsia. In the winter of 1226-1227, the Mongol armies took Ling-chou, on the eastern side of the Huang-ho, and proceeded further south-east into the valley of 鹽 州 川 Yen-chou-ch'uan, now 花 馬 池 Hua-ma-ch'ih; they then turned back to the west to attack Chung-hsing-fu, i.e. Ning-hsia, and it was to stop them that the Hsi-Hsia sovereign is said to have quartered troops in «the region of Ha-la-ha-ch'a-êrh». 張 鑑 Chang Chien (1768-1846), in his 西 夏 紀 事 本 末 Hsi-Hsia chi-shih pên-mo (ed. 1884, 36, 8 a), also writes Ha-la-ha-ch'a-êrh, and brings the battle that took place there down to July 1227. Although the details of the campaign have not been studied critically, the natural surmise, if the Hsi-Hsia shu shih be correct, would be that the «region of Ha-la-ha-ch'a-êrh» lay in the neighbourhood of Ning-hsia south-east of this place, and not due west and at the foot of the Alashan mountains, as must have been the case with the «temporary residence» spoken of by Palladius (and still less west of the Alashan mountains as in Herrmann). But I am far from positive on so slender a basis as the single passage taken by Wu Kuang-ch'êng from a biography in the YS, which is, moreover, difficult to reconcile with the other accounts of the campaign.
Leaving aside the question of Ha-la-ha-ch'a-êrh, I agree with Palladius on the probable identi-fication of «Calacian» with the «temporary residence», or 離 宮 li-kung, built by Li Yüan-hao in 1047 on the Ho-lan-shan (on this last name, see below); cf. Hsi-Hsia shu shih, 18, 11 b. The Ta-Ch'ing i-t'ung chih (204, 2 a) still quotes a passage from an older compilation saying that on the Ho-lan-shan, 60 li west of Ning-hsia, there are remains of over a hundred temples, and also of Li Yüan-hao's ancient palace.
I think Palladius is also right when he sees in «Calacian» the Alašai, or Alašai-nuntuq, «Camp of Alašai», which appears four times in the Secret History of 1240, § 265, with the Chinese translation 賀 蘭 山 Ho-lan-shan («Ho-lan mountains»). This last is the Chinese name of the mountain now called by the Mongols 阿 拉 善 A-la-shan mountains, our «Alashan» (Alašan). The form Alašai of the Secret History is confirmed by Rašidu-'d-Dīn, who speaks of the mountain running along the Hsi-Hsia country, and gives it a name which has been read الساي Alasai by Erdmann, الكشان Ingšan by Berezin (on account of the same wrong idea which made him read the name of the Yin-shan mountains where Rašid speaks of the city of «Eçina», q. v., and cf. JA, 1920, I, 182), but which is certainly الشاي Alašai (cf. Erdmann, Vollständ. Uebersicht, 62; Ber, I, 119).
The geographical equivalence of Alašai and Ho-lan raises another problem.
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