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| 0224 |
Notes on Marco Polo : vol.1 |
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the revenue to be derived from it, to a prince of the collateral branches. An error of Polo is
also possible.
From the middle of the 14th cent. down to 1514, Kāšyar was ruled by the Duγlat family;
a new dynasty then began, and maintained itself until the second half of the 17th cent. I cannot
enter here into the details of the modern intercourse and the conflicts of Kāšyar with the Kalmuks
and the Chinese. The main source for the history of Kāšyar in the 14th-16th cents. is Mirzā
Ḥaidar's Ta'rīḫ-i Rašīdī (transl. by N. ELIAS and D. ROSS, A History of the Mongols of Central
Asia, 1895); cf. also BELLEW, History of Kashgar; Br, II, 245-246.
The local rulers of Kāšyar exchanged embassies with the Ming dynasty. In its paragraph
on 哈 寶 哈 見 Ha-shih-ha-êrh, Qāšyar (the «Mongol» form of the name), the Ming shih (332,
9 a) mentions diplomatic intercourse in 1408, 1413, 1426-1435 and 1463 (cf. Br, II, 245). In the
Ming itinerary preserved (already corrupt) in the Pien chêng k'ao of 1547 (Peiping National
Library ed. 8, 8 a), a city 憐 失 憐 力 Lien-shih-lien-li is mentioned, and 50 li to the west of it a
city 失 哈 力 Shih-ha-li. There is no doubt that Lien-shih-lien-li is corrupt for 哈 失 哈 力 Ha-
shih-ha-li, Qāšyar, and the correct form is given in the independent, though later copy of the same
itinerary translated by BRETSCHNEIDER in China Review, v, 235. Although the next name, Shih-
ha-li, is given in both texts and may be correct, I do not entirely dismiss the idea that it may also
be altered from Ha-shih-ha-li, and represent a wrong duplication of Kāšyar.
From the end of the 17th cent. onwards, the Chinese name of the city has been 喀 什 噶 爾
K'o-shih-ko-êrh, which is no longer based on the Mongol «Qāšqar», but renders the Turkish
Kāšyar. Nevertheless, while retaining the transcription K'o-shih-ko-êrh, the Hsi-yü t'ung-wên
chih (3, 13-15) gives the following forms in the different languages : Mong. Qašiqar, Kalm. Qašiyar,
Tib. Kha-ši-kar, Turki Qašqar. As a matter of fact, the modern pronunciation is Kāšyar in
Russian Turkestan, but the name is generally spelt Kāšqar in Chinese Turkestan, and I have heard
a «Sart» master say at Tashkend that the proper form should be Qāšqar, i. e. with the Mongol
pronunciation, a survival of the Kalmuk rule (cf. also SHAW, Vocabulary, 154). «Qašiqar» is
given in KOWALEWSKI's dictionary, drawing perhaps from Sino-Mongolian dictionaries. In Tibetan,
the earliest mention I know of the modern name occurs in the chronicle translated by
SCHLAGINTWEIT, Die Könige von Tibet (Abh. d. Bay. Ak. d. W., x [1866], No. 3, 847), which
speaks of «O-don-kas-dkar», i. e. «Odon (Khotan) and Qasqar (Kāšyar)».
According to Polo, there were in Kāšyar some Nestorian Christians, with a church (or with
churches according to Z, which may be correct); the «many» Christians of Y, I, 182, based only
on FB, is a variant which should not be retained. V's addition that these Nestorians observed
«the Greek rule» is certainly arbitrary. As is usual in its text, Z says that these Nestorians were
Turks; this detail may be original, as it falls in with Oriental texts which have a tendency to speak
of the Nestorians of Central Asia as being Turks. RICCI-ROSS (RR, 63) and BENEDETTO (B¹, 63)
have translated «Among the Turks in this land...». This rendering is probably due to the idea
that, all the inhabitants of Kāšyar being Turks, it would be absurd to give the impression that
there were only in Kāšyar a few Turks, the Nestorians. But, if the many mentions of «Turks
who are Nestorian Christians» in Z actually go back to Polo, we must consider that Polo does not
speak of the Mussulmans of Central Asia as «Turks»; for him, the «Turks» of Central Asia seem
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