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| 0340 |
Notes on Marco Polo : vol.1 |
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in T'ai-tsung shih-lu, 92, 10 a). It is the place at which T'ai-tsu of the Yuän (= Chinghiz-khan) made himself famous (馳迹). In former times a palace (kung-tien) and an altar for sacrifice (郊壇 chiao-t'an) were built. Every year [Chinghiz-khan] spent the summer at this place. Mountains and streams surround it; it extends over several tens of li. In front (前 ch'ien) [of the buildings?; i. e. south of them], there are two lakes (海子 hai-tzŭ), one of salt water, one of fresh water. Ten li to the south-west, there is a lake formed by the water of a spring (泉水海子二處). In the mountains to the north-west there is the 三關口 San-kuan-k'ou («Three-Pass Entrance»), by which [the place] communicates with the Yin-ma-ho and the 土剌河 Tu-la-ho («Tüla River»); it is a place of incessant passage for the Barbarians (= the Mongols)... The fourth day [of the sixth month] (June 20) was spent in front of the Shuang-ch'üan-hai... On the fifth day (June 21), at noon, [the Emperor] left Shuang-ch'üan-hai and in the evening arrived at the north-western 三峽口 San-hsia-k'ou («Three-Defile Entrance», also marked on the map of the Yüan-shih lei-pien; it seems to be identical with the San-kuan-k'ou above), which is 康哈里該 K'ang-ha-li-kai (*Qaŋγārqai; more correctly transcribed K'ang-ha-li-hai [該] in T'ai-tsung shih-lu, 92, 10 a, and in Ming shih, 7, 1 a; probably identical with the Qangqarqan [= Qaŋγarqan] of the Secret History, § 193; it seems to be the «Bogöltüin-amä» of POZDNÉEV, Mongoliya, II, 444); there was no water (there)... On the sixth day (June 22), [the Emperor] halted at 蒼崖綠 Ts'ang-yai-hsia («Blue-green Cliff Pass»; also marked on the map of the Yüan-shih lei-pien). On the seventh day (June 23), he halted at Chi-lan-hu-shih-wên (*Qulan-qošï'un; cf. above)...» There the Mongols were defeated in a pitched battle and were pursued by night as far as the Tüla. On June 26, Yung-lo halted at 廻波甸 Hui-liu-tien («Back-flowing Steppe»; also marked on the map of the Yüan-shih lei-pien; it must have been close to the Tüla, near «Ulan-daba»). On June 27, Yung-lo, starting from Hui-liu-tien, retraced his steps, marched out of the San-hsia-k'ou and in the evening encamped at Shuang-ch'üan-hai. On June 28, he was at 平山鎮 P'ing-shan-chên («Garrison of the Flat Mountain»); on June 29, at 清源峽 Ch'ing-yüan-hsia («Pure Spring Defile») of the Yin-ma-ho; on June 30, at 平川洲 P'ing-ch'uan-chou («Flat Valley Island») of the Yin-ma-ho; on July 1, at 青楊灣 Ch'ing-yang-wan («Poplar bend») of the Yin-ma-ho; on July 2, at San-fêng-shan of the Yin-ma-ho.
Here again, although most names still defy our attempts at identification, the region referred to in Chin Yu-tzŭ's detailed account is not a matter of doubt: it is the well-watered stretch of land between the Tula and the Kerulen. To the south-eastern angle of the southern bend of the Tula was Jö-modo (< Ja'un-modun, «Hundred Trees»), the place where K'ang-hsi defeated Galdan in 1696 (cf. the description in DU HALDE, IV, 413-414), which seems to be the «Qara-tün of the Tula», in Chinese 黑林 Hei-lin, «Black Forest», mentioned in Chinese texts (cf. Secret History, § 96, 104, 115, 164, 177, 264, and POPOV, Mên-gu yu-mu czi, 348). It was one of Chinghiz-khan's favourite resorts, the one to which he returned in the spring of 1225 after his six years' campaign against the Mussulmans. But Chinghiz-khan also had a semi-sedentary camp at Sa'ari-kä'är in the vicinity of the Kerulen. There is here a difficulty, however. In the account of Ming-tsung's journey, Sa'ari-kä'är is the fifth stage after *Qulan-qošï'un, while Yung-lo, returning from Hui-liu-tien, passes the San-hsia-k'ou, does not stop at *Qulan-qošï'un and is back at Shuang-ch'üan-hai = Sa'ari-kä'är, all in one day. It looks as though it were the Sa-li, *Sa'ari, of Ming-tsung's
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