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| 0194 |
Notes on Marco Polo : vol.1 |
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the Nan-chao yeh-shih, 2, 41; cf. also SAINSON, Hist. particulière du Nan-tchao, 198.) But
Rašidu-'d-Dīn says that « the king of Qara-]ang bears the title of mah-ara, which means ' great
prince ' » (QUATREMÈRE, Hist. des Mongols, xciv); D'OHSSON (Oh, II, 318) gives « Maha Radja »
(i. e. mahārāja); BLOCHET (Bl, 378) corrects to ﻣﻬﺮﺍﻭ mahārāū the readings ﻣﻬﺮﺍ and ﻣﻬﺮﺍ of his
mss. Without attempting to establish here what form Rašīd actually used, it is clear that the
transcriptions represent mahārāja or a form derived from mahārāja (perhaps ﻣﻬﺮﺍﺯ mahārāz).
This title is confirmed by Chinese sources. The campaign of 1253-1257 in Yün-nan was very
trying owing to the climate and to the resistance of the population; out of ten tümän of troops
(100,000 men) which Uriyangqadai had under his command in Yün-nan, only 20,000 men sur-
vived (Oh, II, 318; Ber, 145-146). As early as 1254, Qubilai, perhaps fretting at his subordinate
position under Uriyangqadai (if Rašīd be right in that respect; the YS gives the supreme com-
mand to Qubilai), had come back to the Court in Mongolia. According to Rašīd, Qubilai
brought back with him the mahārāja. Chinese texts give a somewhat different account. At
the time of the campaign, the power belonged in Ta-li to the Kao clan, under the purely nominal
sovereignty of the Tuan family. The Kao were defeated, and mercy was shown to the Tuan; at
that time, Qubilai had already left Yün-nan. Uriyangqadai's biography, a not always success-
ful combination of two documents of different origin (see « Iaci »), says that, after Yün-nan-fu
had fallen in 1254, Uriyangqadai « captured the king 段 智 興 Tuan Chih-hsing and the com-
mander-in-chief 馬 合 剌 昔 Ma-ha-la-hsi and offered them [to the Emperor] » (YS, 121, 3 a;
Tuan Chih-hsing is the form given in this passage and it is retained in Ch, II, 221; T'u Chi, 29,
15 b, silently alters it to Tuan Hsing-chih, the form used in the biography of that ruler's son,
YS, 166, 8 b; CHAVANNES, in TP, 1905, 15-16, gives Tuan Hsing-chih without comment; an error
in the name as given in the biography of Uriyangqadai would be more probable than in a bio-
graphy of the Tuan family; but, curiously enough, the form Tuan Chih-hsing is also the one we
find in the Nan-chao yeh-shih [transl. SAINSON, 104], not always reliable, but generally based on
independent tradition). Ma-ha-la-hsi may or may not be corrupt (? for Ma-ha-la-[昔] cha; more
probably, hsi [st] merely transcribes -s or -z, in agreement with Rašīd's mahārāz), but certainly
it renders mahārāja, wrongly taken as a personal name, and still more wrongly given as the
name of another man than the actual bearer of the title, i. e. the king Tuan Chih-hsing himself.
In 1256, Tuan Chih-hsing was received by Mongka who gave him the title of 摩 合 羅 嵯 mo-ha-
lo-ts'o (YS, 3, 3 b), or 摩 訶 羅 嵯 mo-ho-lo-ts'o (YS, 166, 9 a; cf. CHAVANNES, in TP, 1905,
16); we must understand that Tuan Chih-hsing was then confirmed in his pre-existing title. A
similar transcription mo-ho-lo-[嵯]ts'o occurs in an inscription of 1325, also in connection with
Tuan Chih-hsing (TP, 1905, 28). Here again I cannot examine the minor discrepancies existing
between the various sections of the YS, including the geographical section (ch. 61), as to the
date at which and the conditions under which Tuan Chih-hsing was entrusted as tsung-kuan, or
« administrator general », with fresh authority over his former subjects; some pertinent remarks
have been made by CHAVANNES (TP, 1905, 16) and T'u Chi (6, 9 a-b; 29, 15 b; 110, 2 b). But
I wish to point out that, while the transcription of mahārāja in Uriyangqadai's biography is what
we should expect in the Mongol period (except perhaps for the last character), the mo-ho-lo-ts'o
occurring elsewhere, also adopted in Yüan shih lei-pien, 42, 58 b, and in Nan-chao yeh-shih
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21
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31
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41
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51
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61
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71
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81
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91
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101
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111
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121
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131
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141
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151
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161
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171
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181
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191
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201
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211
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221
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231
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241
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251
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261
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271
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281
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291
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301
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311
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321
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331
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341
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351
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361
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371
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381
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391
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401
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411
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421
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431
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441
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451
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461
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471
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481
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491
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501
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511
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521
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531
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541
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551
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561
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571
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581
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591
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601
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611
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621
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631
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