国立情報学研究所 - ディジタル・シルクロード・プロジェクト
『東洋文庫所蔵』貴重書デジタルアーカイブ

ad quamdam terram super oceanum, might seemingly leave us in north-eastern Europe or north-
western Asia, it is probable that Plan Carpine heard the account at the Mongol Court near Qaraqorum,
and, on the other hand, the Mongol armies had not advanced to Arctic lands. So there is already some
reason to look for Plan Carpine's dog-faced people in the region of the lower Amur. One additional
detail almost carries conviction, that of the ox-hoofs. In Hu Chiao's relation (c. 953), the 牛 蹄
突 厥 Niu-t'i T'u-chüeh, i. e. « Ox-hoofed Turks », appear in a very cold region north of the 黑 車
子 Hei-chü-tzŭ and far south-west of the Kingdom of Dogs (cf. JA, 1897, I, 407; Wu tai shih, 13,
3b; Ch'i-tan-kuo chih, 25, 4b). It may be, moreover, that Plan Carpine's other tale of a campaign
of the Mongols against people whose males were real dogs and females were women, a story which
he expressly states that he heard at the Mongol Court, originally referred to the Kingdom of Dogs in
north-eastern Manchuria (see « Darkness [province of] »; cf. Wy, 60). A few years after Plan
Carpine, King Hethum of Lesser Armenia came to Qaraqorum, and there he heard a like tale.
Beyond « Khatai » (= Cathay, Northern China), there was « a land in which women have a human
appearance and can speak, but men look like dogs, unable to speak, huge and hairy. These dogs
do not let anybody enter the land. They catch wild beasts, on which they and their wives feed.
Of the union of the dogs with the women, children are born, the male ones in the shape of dogs
and the females in the shape of women » (cf. BROSSET, Deux historiens arméniens, I, 180; PAT-
KANOV, Istoriya Mongolov, II, 85). As noticed by LAUFER (TP, 1916, 357-358), this passage must
be read in connection with the next one, which mentions a « sandy island » on which a tree grows
called « fish tooth », certainly due to a confusion with the walrus and narwhal tusks, imported from the
shores of the northern Pacific. As a matter of fact, Hethum's text provides a very strict parallel
to the Kingdom of Dogs of the Hei-Ta shih-lio, and I have no doubt that Plan Carpine's dog-faced
people on the shore of the Ocean are but a third version of the same story.
Through undetermined channels, a very similar tradition survived in Mongolia down to the
19th cent. The Mongolian author of the 'Jigs-med nam-mkha, writing in 1819, says that Chinghiz-
khan subdued the nations of the five colours, to wit the blue Mongols, the red Chinese, the black
Tibetans, the yellow Sartag*ol (= Sarta'ul, Mussulmans) and the white Coreans, and, moreover,
four nations (sde-rigs) : the Cug-te Women (Bu-mo), the gYon-ru, the « One-eyed on the breast »
(Braṅ-mig-čan) and the « Dog-head ones » (Khyi-mgo-čan; cf. HUTH, Gesch. des Buddhismus, I,
22; II, 33). In Tibetan, gyon means « left » and ru, « horn », is used as a designation of the « wing »
of an army; gYon-ru is the « left wing », and, for people who take their bearings facing the south,
the eastern « wing »; I do not doubt that people of the extreme East, i. e. of Manchuria, are meant
in the present case. HUTH has rendered the first name as « Cug-te Amazons », and a Kingdom of
Women is certainly intended. Although the text is written in Tibetan, it rests on Mongol originals,
and has retained many Mongolian words. I think that Cug-te is the Mongol čuqtai, « together »,
and that the Mongol original spoke of a nation of *čuqtai ämäs, or čuqtai ökit, that is to say in
which women were « together », without men. However this may be, the interest of this passage
is to show, still alive at such a late date, the old connection between the « Kingdom of Women »
and the « Kingdom of Dogs ».
A « Kingdom of Dogs » even in the Eastern Sea is mentioned. A prefect of 陵 州 Ling-chou
in Ssŭ-ch'uan, 周 週 Chou Yü, narrated to 劉 恂 Liu Hsün an adventure which Liu Hsün has