国立情報学研究所 - ディジタル・シルクロード・プロジェクト
『東洋文庫所蔵』貴重書デジタルアーカイブ

(SACHAU, I, 303). S. LÉVI, however, was content to give the name in its Chinese transcription
(cf. Mémorial Sylvain Lévi, 422), and I think he was right; for the Chamba State is too much to
the north-west and, moreover, in Hsüan-tsang's very strict system of transcription, P'o-lo-hsi-
mo-pu-lo (*B'uâ-lâ-γjəp-muâ-puo-lâ) hardly can render Brahmapura. The first part of the name is
probably bālaº or vāraº, and the second part is almost certainly ºhimaº, « snow ». (5) 壁 毗 霜 那
Ch'ü-p'i-shuang-na was restored by JULIEN (Mém., I, 233) as *Gôviśana ?, and by WATTERS (I, 331)
as *Gôvisanna; but the transcription seems rather to render *Goviṣāṃna = Goviṣāṇa, « ox-horn ».
(6) Ahicchattra. JULIEN's « Ahikchêtra » (Mém., I, 234) is a mistake. (7) 毗 羅 剎 拏 P'i-lo-
shan-na (*B'ji-lâ-ṣan-nja) is unidentified. JULIEN (Mém., I, 235) doubtfully restored it as *Virāṣāṇā,
and WATTERS (I, 332) as *Vilasāna or *Bhilasana. Instead of P'i-lo-shan-na, which is the reading
of most Mss. and editions and of the Shih-chia fang-chih, 敘, I, 94 a, the authors of the critical
edition of the University of Kyōto have adopted (4, 30) the reading P'i-lo-na (那)-na of the Corean
edition and of the Life (JULIEN, Vie, 110). (8) *Kapitha (Mém., I, 237) is also known as Sāṅkāśyā.
It will be noticed that, while most of the names in Hsüan-tsang's Memoirs correspond to names
well known from other sources, the majority of those in the present section are either doubtful or
unattested.

It is in the notice devoted to the Kingdom of P'o-ho-hsi-mo-pu-lo that the following paragraph
occurs : « North of the boundaries of that kingdom, in the Great Snowy Mountains (Ta-Hsüeh-shan,
Great Himālaya), there is the kingdom of Suvarṇagotra [Note in the text : « In Chinese, this means
金 氏 Chin-shih, « Gold-clan »], which produces superior gold, hence its name. It is extended
from east to west, but narrow from north to south. This is the Eastern Kingdom of Women (Tung-
Nü-kuo). From generation to generation they make a woman their sovereign and therefore the
kingdom is called 'of Women'. Her husband is king also, but does not share in the government.
Men only fight the wars and cultivate the fields. The land yields barley (su-mai), and they breed
many horses and sheep. The climate is cold and hard, and the nature of the people is violent.
To the east, it reaches the kingdom of the T'u-fan (Tibetans); to the north, it reaches the kingdom
of Khotan; to the west, it reaches the kingdom of 三 波 訶 San-po-ho. » In 650, i. e. four years
after Hsüan-tsang's Hsi-yü-chi had been published, it was summarized in the Shih-chia fang-chih;
part of the paragraph on Suvarṇagotra is reproduced there (敘, I, 94 a), but with this addition
after the mention of the « Eastern Kingdom of Women » : « It is not within the boundaries of India,
and it is also called the Kingdom of 大 羊 同 'Great Yang-t'ung'. »

Nearly two centuries after Hsüan-tsang, Hui-ch'ao also heard in India of the same kingdom
(cf. W. FUCHS, Huei-ch'ao's Pilgerreise, in SPAW, XXX [1938], 439) : « [From Jālandhara,] after
a journey of one month, and passing the Snowy Mountains (Hsüeh-shan), there is to the east a small
kingdom called Suvarṇagotra, which is in the dependency of the Tibetans. The clothes are similar
to those of northern India, but the language is different. The land is extremely cold. » Hui-ch'ao
too speaks (p. 443, 445) of the kingdom of 楊 同 Yang-t'ung, as being to the east of the Great
Po-lü (Baltistan), but does not connect it with Suvarṇagotra.

In the Chiu T'ang shu (197, 4-5), there is a notice on the « Eastern Kingdom of Women »
(Tung-Nü-kuo), which reads as follows : « The Eastern Kingdom of Women is a particular branch
of the western Ch'iang. As there is also in the Western Sea (Hsi-hai) a Kingdom of Women, this