国立情報学研究所 - ディジタル・シルクロード・プロジェクト
『東洋文庫所蔵』貴重書デジタルアーカイブ

t'ung, and 姿播慈 So-po-tz'ŭ (or, according to another reading 婆播慈 P'o-po-tz'ŭ).
« Lesser Po-lü » is acknowledgedly Baltistan. For the third name, Fuchs (Huei-ch'ao's Pilgerreise,
443) adopts P'o-po-tz'ŭ (*B'uâ-puâ-dz'i) and equates it with 'Bras-spuṅs, i. e. Nepal, and says that
'Lesser Yang-t'ung' probably was the region of « the modern Gyangtse (Shigatse) » in southern
Tibet; no authority is given. Although Nepal was then well known in China as Ni-po-lo (Nepāla),
we may perhaps suppose that Hui-ch'ao heard its Tibetan name in Kashmir; but P'o-po-tz'ŭ is
uncertain, and So-p'o-tz'ŭ (*Sâ-puâ-dz'i) is the reading of the only ancient Ms.; the phonetic equiva-
lence of *B'uâ-puâ-dz'i is far from satisfactory; one would expect Hui-ch'ao to mention countries
more or less in the vicinity of Kashmir, and not one which, like Nepal, was reached from eastern
India; finally, in the Tibetan chronicles of the T'ang period, as in Chinese texts of the Mongol
period, the Tibetan name of Nepal is Bal-po (from Thomas, Tibetan Texts and Documents, 83,
n. 6, one might have the impression that Nepal occurs as « Po-pêng » in an ancient Chinese text
translated from the Tibetan; but 波 迸 po-pêng is no proper name, and means « scattered [as]
by waves », and is used as such three times in earlier passages p. 82). So So-p'o-tz'ŭ or P'o-po-tz'ŭ
cannot be adduced to support an identification of 'Lesser Yang-t'ung' with the region of Shigatse.
There is a text, however, which is in favour of Fuchs's identification, and Fuchs may have
known it, although he makes no allusion to it; it is the itinerary from China to Nepal preserved in
ch. 1 of the Shih-chia fang-chih (欽, 1, 89 a), much more ancient than those of Chia Tan, since the
Shih-chia fang-chih was written in 650. The text seems to be more or less corrupt, is mispunc-
tuated in the Tōkyō Tripiṭaka of Meiji, and is often hard to understand, still more to comment
upon. The itinerary starts from 河 州 Ho-chou (south-west of Lan-chou) : « From Ho-chou to the
north-west one crosses the Great River (Ta-ho, i. e. the Huang-ho), ascends the 墨 [or 漫] 天 嶺
Man-t'ien-ling (« Heaven-reaching Pass »; unrecorded; it is certainly the pass across the Lesser Chi-
shih-shan or 唐 遜 山 T'ang-shu-shan, T'ang-shu (*D'âng-d'z'juêt) being a Ch'iang word meaning
« demon »; cf. Yüan-ho chün-hsien t'u-chih, 39, 8-9, and Chung-kuo ti-ming ta tz'ŭ-tien, 1232),
and, after less than 400 li, reaches Shan-chou (the Nien-po of our maps, on the river of Hsi-
ning). Then again to the west, after less than 100 li, one reaches the garrison (鎮 chên) of 鄯城
Shan-ch'êng, which is the seat of the ancient [Shan-]chou (this « garrison » is the same as the hsien
of Shan-ch'êng [the present Hsi-ning], which was established only in 677; the Yüan-ho chün-hsien
t'u-chih, however, gives 120 li as the distance between Shan-chou and Shan-ch'êng-hsien [39, 11 a].
Then, to the south-west, after less than 100 li, one reaches the 'strong post' (戍 shu) of 承 風
Ch'êng-fêng, which, under the Sui, was the site of the exchange market [between Chinese and
Barbarians] (probably the « Donkyr » of our maps). Then, to the west, after less than 200 li, one
reaches the 清 海 Ch'ing-hai (read 青 海 Ch'ing-hai, « Blue Sea », the Kökö-nôr); in the sea, there
is a small island (i. e. the famous island of the legendary dragon horses, of Persian breed); the sea
is more than 700 li in circuit. South-west of the sea, one arrives at the royal encampment (ya-
chang) of the T'u-yü-hun (it lay 15 li west of the Kökö-nôr). Then, to the south-west, one reaches
the frontier [of the T'u-yü-hun] 名 白 蘭 羌 北 界 至 積 魚 城 西 北 (this passage is certainly
corrupt; I guess that it means that, after having passed the southwestern frontier of the T'u-yü-
hun, the itinerary crossed the territory of the Po-lan Ch'iang [probably at its north-western bound-
ary], then arrived at a 'city' Chi-yü-ch'êng, and went on south-west)... reaches the kingdom of
7