国立情報学研究所 - ディジタル・シルクロード・プロジェクト
『東洋文庫所蔵』貴重書デジタルアーカイブ

To-mi. Then, to the south-west, one reaches the kingdom of Su-p'i. Then, to the south-west,
one reaches the kingdom of 敵 Kan (*Kâm; unidentified; perhaps sKam). Then, to the south,
slightly east, one reaches the kingdom of T'u-fan (Tibetans). Then, to the south-west, one reaches
the kingdom of 'Lesser Yang-t'ung'. Then, to the south-west, one crosses the 阻 [read 阻?]
會 去 關 Ta [?Chü]-ts'ang-ch'ü Barrier (*Tât[?Ts'ia]-ts'âng-k'i°o), which is the southern frontier
of the T'u-fan. Then, to the east, slightly south, one crosses the 末 上 加 三 鼻 關 Mo-shang-
chia-san-pi Barrier (*Muât-ẑiang-ka-sâm-b'ji), to the south-east enters gorges (ku), crosses thirteen
'flying ladders' (飛 梯 fei-t'i) and nineteen 'plank-roads' (樓 道 chan-tao, i. e. roads made of
boards fixed more or less high on the wall of a vertical cliff), either south-east or south-west, snatching the creepers and grasping the lianas; after marching in the wilderness for more than forty days,
one reaches the kingdom of Ni-po-lo (Nepal) of northern India. »

This itinerary locates 'Lesser Yang-t'ung' south of the Tibetans proper; but I think that
the indication may have been displaced, and that there is a possible indication of it in the itinerary
when it speaks first of the T'u-fan, then of 'Lesser Yang-t'ung', and then again of the southern
frontier of the T'u-fan. 'Lesser Yang-t'ung' may have to be put back to an earlier stage,
before the T'u-fan at least, and perhaps before the kingdom of Kan, if not even before those of
To-mi and Su-p'i.

On the location of Yang-t'ung, be it 'Great Yang-t'ung' or 'Lesser Yang-t'ung' to
the west of it, we have first the indication of the Shih-chia fang-chih itself, which says that
'Great Yang-t'ung' was the same as Suvarṇagotra or the 'Eastern Kingdom of Women'; and
certainly the latter was not south of the Tibetans of Lhasa. But there is another text of the T'ang
period which affords a precious indication. In 822, 劉 元 鼎 Liu Yüan-ting, sent on an embassy
to Tibet, visited the sources of the Huang-ho, and expressly states that the mountains in which the
river took its rise were (在 chih) in the kingdom of 'Great Yang-t'ung' (cf. Hsin T'ang shu,
216 B, 6b; Chavannes, in BEFEO, III, 230-231). So, either the itinerary of the Shih-chia fang-
chih is decidedly wrong, and 'Lesser Yang-t'ung' was between the Kingdoms of To-mi and
Su-p'i, towards the sources of the Huang-ho (but, even then, if it lay more to the west than 'Great
Yang-t'ung', it would hardly be on the route from Hsi-ning to Nepal), or the indication of the T'ung
tien on the location of 'Lesser Yang-t'ung' west of 'Great Yang-t'ung' is valueless, and 'Lesser
Yang-t'ung' may be located as in the itinerary, south of the Tibetans of Lhasa. If the frontier of
the Tibetans lay, nevertheless, still more to the south, it could be explained by the fact that
'Lesser Yang-t'ung' was in a state of vassaldom. But, as to 'Great Yang-t'ung', there can be
no doubt. It lay towards the springs of the Huang-ho, and so was at least conterminous with Su-p'i.
If 'Lesser Yang-t'ung' is to remain in the south, it is only 'Great Yang-t'ung' which can be
intended in Hui-ch'ao's Relation.

Before leaving Chinese sources, I must say a few words of the kingdom of 悉 立 Hsi-li (*Sjĕt-
liəp), the name of which came to the knowledge of the Chinese in the second quarter of the 7th cent.;
both the original name and the location remain undetermined; but the transcription has a Tibetan
flavour; in the T'ung tien (190, 5b), the notice on Hsi-li follows that of 'Great Yang-t'ung', and
the kingdom is stated to lie south-west of the Tibetans (T'u-fan). In TP, 1912, 357-358, I have sug-
gested a possible restoration of Hsi-li into *gSer-rabs, «Gold Race», which would be the same as Suvar-