National Institute of Informatics - Digital Silk Road Project
Digital Archive of Toyo Bunko Rare Books

cannot well be maintained that the many occurrences of tümän as «ten thousand» in the Uigu rtexts
from the Turfan region are all of the Mongol period or later. Tümän türlüg can very well be
interpreted literally as «in 10,000 different manners», although meaning in fact «of many sorts».
And that Kāšyarī should wrongly give «1,000,000» for tümän ming is not of much value, since, even
with that wrong result, Kāšyarī takes tümän as a definite number, and tümän cannot be syno-
nymous with ming, which his wrong equivalence would imply.

Plan Carpini says that, for «10,000», the Mongols use a word meaning «tenebre» (Wy, 77).
There is a confusion, but I do not think it is due to Plan Carpini's mistaking tümän, «10,000»,
for Turk. tuman, «fog» (duman is Osmanli; tuman has passed into Russian; it does not exist
in Mongolian). As has already been mentioned by others, and as VAN DEN WYNGAERT says himself,
t'ma in Russian means both «10,000» and «obscurity», and there are several slavicisms in Plan
Carpini, due to his interpreters.

[PELLIOT had added a note : 㐮 㕜 t'ê-wu (t'ǒk-mju) is used for Wan-hu (see «Vanchu») in
San ch'ao pei mêng hui pien quoted by WANG Kuo-wei, Mêng-ta pei-lu, 10 a. 吐 萬 t'u-wan
(t'uó-mĭwen) was a surname in the Wei dynasty (cf. K'ang-hsi tzŭ-tien, s. v. 吐). A.C.M.]

365. TOSCAOR (< *TOSCAOL)

aschaol V rostanorum P toscaol R
chostaar VA toscaer TA¹ toscaor F(?), FA, FB
roschaor LT toscanor (?) F

«Toscaol» is RAMUSIO's form, supported by V, and I think it is better than the «toscaor»
of F adopted in B¹, 144; all such turko-mongol titles end in -l, not in -r.

According to Polo, «toscaol» means «people on watch-duty». YULE (Y, I, 407) has justly
quoted Turk. توزغاول tosqaul of PAVET DE COURTEILLE (p. 233) and ZENKER (p. 321²), «watch
man», «road-watchman», but is wrong in bringing in also Mo. «tosiyal»; this last word, cor-
rectly tušiyal, means «office» in general, and belongs to a group which has in «classical»
Mongol a double form tüši- and tuši-, but, in the Mongol period, the only form I know is tüši-,
hence tüšimäl, «official».

Tosqaul itself is a curious form. RADLOV has listed separately, in Jạy., tosqaul and tusqaul
(III, 1210, 1521), but there can be no doubt that it is one and the same word, of which toqsaul
(III, 1155), tuqsaul (III, 1428), toqtaul (III, 1153), tutqaul (III, 1487) are only various forms, with
arbitrary vocalizations in -u- or -o-. In my opinion, we must start from tutyaq, already given in
Kāšyarī with the meaning «night-watch» (BROCKELMANN, 220); the root is probably tut-, «to hold».
From tutyaq, tutya'ul (dialectally tutqa'ul) is derived regularly. We have some cases of alterna-
tion between t and s at the end of a syllable in Mongolian.

The secondary form tusqa'ul (< tutya'ul) originated very likely in Mongolian circles, and
came back into Jạy., sometimes with a metathesis tuqsa'ul, just as the original tutya'ul also gave