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a metathetical form *tuqta'ul. Moreover, from the sense of « watchman », tutγa'ul came to mean also « watch-station » (particularly in the mountains), just as it has been with qara'ul. It is this word tutγa'ul which is correctly used by Rašīdu-'d-Dīn in the form تتغاول tutγaul; the fantastic explanations of Bl, II, 529, 614, and App. 52, must be discarded. The pass of Chia-yü-kuan (W. of Su-chou, Kansu) is called Qaraul by Šāh-Rokh's envoys, but Tutqaul by Tamerlane's biographer (cf. Y¹, I, 175, 274). It is tutγaul which is misread « tangaoul » in Oh, IV, 471-472 (تنغاول misread تنغاو), and I suspect that Pegolotti's « tantaullo » is a corrupt form of tutγaul (cf. Y¹, III, 161). Cf. also HAMMER, Gold. Horde, 241, 245, 514; Zap. of Or. Sect. Arch. Soc., III, 24; Ber, I, 96, 236. My explanations are only partly in agreement with BANG, Vom köktürk. zum Osman., II-III, 63-64, who has seen in some forms a metathesis, but has also admitted the presence here of different roots, toqta-, tut- and tus-.

366. TREPESONDE

trabesonda V, VB, VL; R trapesunda Z trepesunda L
trapesonda LT trebisonda TA²; R tripesunda VA
trapesonde FA, FB trepesonde, trepisonde F tripisonde TA¹

Trebizond. On the various mediaeval transcriptions, cf. HALLBERG, 540-541 (but Polo's is omitted, and also Hethum's « Trapesonde »). « Trapesunda », « Trabesonda », etc., occur in many documents of the end of the 13th cent. in BRĂTIANU, Actes des notaires génois.

367. TUC

tuc FB; R tut F, FA, VB

Polo says that a Mongol army is of 100,000 men, subdivided in corps or groups of 10,000, 1 000, 100 and 10; he adds that 100,000 is « tuc » and 10,000 is « toman »; in another part of his work, he uses « toman » as a unit of 10,000, without reference to the army; as a matter of fact, « toman », tümän, is really known as a term meaning « 10,000 » and as a designation of a « corps of 10,000 » (see « toman »).

The case of « tuc » is more difficult. All commentators have agreed in seeing there Turk. تُغ tuγ, « standard », which has passed into Persian (where it is also written توق tuq; cf. VULLERS, II, 551). On this word, cf. Y, I, 263-264 (leaving out of account, at least phonetically, old Persian