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| 0106 |
The Book of Ser Marco Polo : vol.2 |
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Chien-t'ou of Baber, the Caindu of Marco Polo. (Mélanges de Harlez, p. 97.)
According to Mr. E. H. Parker (China Review, xix. p. 69), Yueh-hsi or Yueh-sui
"is the modern Kien-ch'ang Valley, the Caindu of Marco Polo, between the
Yalung and Yang-tzŭ Rivers; the only non-Chinese races found there now are the
Si-fan and Lolos."—H. C.]
Turning to minor particulars, the Lake of Caindu in which the pearls were found
is doubtless one lying near Ning-yuan, whose beauty Richthofen heard greatly extolled,
though nothing of the pearls. [Mr. Hosie writes (Three Years, 112-113): "If the
former tradition be true (the old city of Ning-yuan having given place to a large lake in
the early years of the Ming Dynasty), the lake had no existence when Marco Polo passed
through Caindu, and yet we find him mentioning a lake in the country in which pearls
were found. Curiously enough, although I had not then read the Venetian's narrative,
one of the many things told me regarding the lake was that pearls are found in it,
and specimens were brought to me for inspection." The lake lies to the south-east
of the present city.—H. C.] A small lake is marked by D'Anville, close to Kien-
ch'ang, under the name of Gechoui-tang. The large quantities of gold derived from
the Kin-sha Kiang, and the abundance of musk in that vicinity, are testified to by
Martini. The Lake mentioned by Polo as existing in the territory of Yachi is no
doubt the Tien-chi, the Great Lake on the shore of which the city of Yun-nan stands,
and from which boats make their way by canals along the walls and streets. Its
circumference, according to Martini, is 500 li. The cut (p. 68), from Garnier, shows
this lake as seen from a villa on its banks. [Devéria (p. 129) quotes this passage
from the Yuen-shi-lei pien: "Yachi, of which the U-man or Black Barbarians made
their capital, is surrounded by Lake Tien-chi on three sides." Tien-chi is one of the
names of Lake Kwen-ming, on the shore of which is built Yun-nan fu.—H. C.]
Returning now to the Karájang of the Mongols, or Carajan, as Polo writes it, we
shall find that the latter distinguishes this great province, which formerly, he says, in-
cluded seven kingdoms, into two Mongol Governments, the seat of one being at Yachi,
which we have seen to be Yun-nan fu, and that of the other at a city to which he gives
the name of the Province, and which we shall find to be the existing Ta-li fu. Great
confusion has been created in most of the editions by a distinction in the form of the
name as applied to these two governments. Thus Ramusio prints the province under
Yachi as Carajan, and that under Ta-li as Caraan, whilst Marsden, following out his
system for the conversion of Ramusio's orthography, makes the former Karaian and
the latter Karazan. Pauthier prints Caraian all through, a fact so valuable as
showing that his texts make no distinction between the names of the two governments,
but the form impedes the recognition of the old Mongol nomenclature. I have no
doubt that the name all through should be read Carajan, and on this I have acted.
In the Geog. Text we find the name given at the end of ch. xlvii. Caragian, in
ch. xlviii. as Carajan, in ch. xlix. as Caraian, thus just reversing the distinction made
by Marsden. The Crusca has Charagia(n) all through.
The name then was Kará-jáng, in which the first element was the Mongol or
Turki Kárá, "Black." For we find in another passage of Rashid the following
information:—"To the south-west of Cathay is the country called by the Chinese
Dailiu or 'Great Realm,' and by the Mongols Kardjáng, in the language of India
and Kashmir Kandar, and by us Kandahár. This country, which is of vast extent, is
bounded on one side by Tibet and Tangut, and on others by Mongolia, Cathay, and
the country of the Gold-Teeth. The King of Karajang uses the title of Mahárá, i.e.
Great King. The capital is called Yachi, and there the Council of Administration is
established. Among the inhabitants of this country some are black, and others are
white; these latter are called by the Mongols Chaghán-Jáng ('White Jang')."
Jang has not been explained; but probably it may have been a Tibetan term adopted
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731
732
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