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| 0080 |
The Book of Ser Marco Polo : vol.2 |
| マルコ=ポーロ卿の記録 : vol.2 |
引用情報
OCR読み取り結果
populous country, from Ch'êng-tu to Yachau. [Captain Gill left Ch'êng-tu on the 10th
July, 1877, and reached Ya-chau on the 14th, a distance of 75 miles.—H. C.] (Ritter,
IV. 190 seqq. ; Cooper, pp. 164-173 ; Richthofen in Verhandl. Ges. f. Erdk. zu Berlin,
1874, p. 35.)
Tibet was always reckoned as a part of the Empire of the Mongol Kaans in the
period of their greatness, but it is not very clear how it came under subjection to them.
No conquest of Tibet by their armies appears to be related by either the Mahomedan
or the Chinese historians. Yet it is alluded to by Plano Carpini, who ascribes the
achievement to an unnamed son of Chinghiz, and narrated by Sanang Setzen, who
says that the King of Tibet submitted without fighting when Chinghiz invaded his
country in the year of the Panther (1206). During the reign of Mangku Kaan, in-
deed, Uriangkadai, an eminent Mongol general [son of Subadai] who had accom-
panied Prince Kúbláí in 1253 against Yunnan, did in the following year direct his
arms against the Tibetans. But this campaign, that no doubt to which the text
alludes as "the wars of Mangu Kaan," appears to have occupied only a part of one
season, and was certainly confined to the parts of Tibet on the frontiers of Yunnan and
Sze-ch'wan. ["In the Yuen-shi, Tibet is mentioned under different names. Some-
times the Chinese history of the Mongols uses the ancient name T'u-fan. In the
Annals, s.a. 1251, we read : 'Mangu Khan entrusted Ho-li-dan with the command
of the troops against T'u-fan.' Sub anno 1254 it is stated that Kúbláí (who at that
time was still the heir-apparent), after subduing the tribes of Yun-nan, entered T'u-fan,
when So-ho-to, the ruler of the country, surrendered. Again, s.a. 1275 : 'The
prince Al-lu-chi (seventh son of Kúbláí) led an expedition to T'u-fan.' In chap. ccii.,
biography of Ba-sz'-ba, the Lama priest who invented Kúbláí's official alphabet, it is
stated that this Lama was a native of Sa-sz'-kia in T'u-fan." (Bretschneider, Mod Res.
II. p. 23.)—H. C.] Koeppen seems to consider it certain that there was no actual
conquest of Tibet, and that Kúbláí extended his authority over it only by diplomacy
and the politic handling of the spiritual potentates who had for several generations in
Tibet been the real rulers of the country. It is certain that Chinese history attributes
the organisation of civil administration in Tibet to Kúbláí. Mati Dhwaja, a young and
able member of the family which held the hereditary primacy of the Satya [Sakya]
convent, and occupied the most influential position in Tibet, was formerly recognised
by the Emperor as the head of the Lamaite Church and as the tributary Ruler of Tibet.
He is the same person that we have already (vol. i. p. 28) mentioned as the Passepa or
Báshpah Lama, the inventor of Kúbláí's official alphabet. (Carpini, 658, 709 ;
D'Avezac, 564 ; S. Setsen, 89 ; D'Ohsson, II. 317 ; Koeppen, II. 96 ; Amyot, XIV. 128.)
With the caution that Marco's Travels in Tibet were limited to the same
mountainous country on the frontier of Sze-ch'wan, we defer further geographical
comment till he brings us to Yunnan.
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731
732
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