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| 0047 |
Innermost Asia : vol.1 |
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OCR Text
and Afrāz-gul, taking only the minimum of indispensable baggage, set out on August 2nd by
the most direct route connecting Kashmīr with Chilās, our immediate goal. During one pleasant
march it took us north-westwards through the fertile forest-girt Lōlāb, one of the most attractive
of the many side valleys of Kashmīr. Then striking almost due north we proceeded into the
drainage area of the Kishangangā. Passing through its deep-cut gorges (Fig. 1) and ascending
the valley of Kēl (Fig. 13), we crossed after six more marches the watershed towards the Indus
by the Barai pass (14,250 ft. above sea-level). Here we reached the border of Chilās territory,
and two more days of hard marching, one leading across the snowy Fasat Pass (15,200 ft.), carried
us down, through increasingly barren ravines (Fig. 3), to the fort and village of Chilās by the
Indus. Bad weather had pursued us from the time we first entered the mountains above the
Lōlāb right up to the Indus watershed, and had added to the difficulties of tracks, in many parts
of which the loads had to be man-handled to enable our baggage animals to pass.
The physical features of the route as far as the watershed do not call for a detailed descrip-
tion here ; for since the occupation of Chilās in 1893 it has been fully surveyed, and some account
of it may be found in various route books and gazetteers of Kashmīr territory.² But the ground
has an antiquarian interest that rewarded me for the fatigues undergone and that deserves to
be noted here. I have discussed at length, in Ancient Khotan, the interesting Chinese records
of the military operations which led to the temporary occupation of 'Great and Little P'o-lü',
i. e. Gilgit and Yāsīn, by Chinese imperial forces during the first half of the seventh century
A. D.³ I have there fully explained the significant fact, which we learn from a memorial addressed
in A. D. 749 by the ruler of T'u-ho-lo or Tokhāristān to the Imperial Court, that the Chinese
garrison placed in the territory of P'o-lü after Kao Hsien-chih's famous expedition of A. D. 747,
completely depended for its maintenance upon food supplies imported from Kashmīr. As I pointed
out, ⁴ the difficulties which the letter of the T'u-ho-lo ruler so graphically represents . . . are exactly
those with which the Kashmīr rulers [in Sikh and Dōgrā times], and in more recent years the
military authorities of the Indian Government, have had to contend in their occupation of Gilgit '.⁴
Now the direct occasion for the memorial of the Tokhāristān prince was an attempt made by
the king of Chieh-shuai, a territory adjoining Tokhāristān on the south-east, to cut off the route
by which the Chinese in P'o-lü drew their supplies from Kashmīr. The attempt was instigated
by the Tibetans, who were then threatening the Chinese dominion in Eastern Turkestān, and
the Chinese occupation of Yāsīn and Gilgit was especially designed to prevent the Tibetans from
joining hands with the Arabs on the Oxus.⁵ As regards the name Chieh-shuai 揭 師, found
also in other texts with slight variations as Chieh-shih 揭 師 or in the abbreviated form Chieh 刧,
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