国立情報学研究所 - ディジタル・シルクロード・プロジェクト
『東洋文庫所蔵』貴重書デジタルアーカイブ

Chinārs and fruit trees in the orchards ensconcing the ruined fort immediately below us was very
impressive.

Abandon- Fortunately I could turn to Captain Daukes for competent local information, and the explana-
ment of tion received from him was as simple as it was conclusive. Until 1893, when Chilās territory
former
cultivation. passed under the protection of the Pax Britannica after the fighting previously referred to,
practically the whole of its population had been obliged to keep their permanent homesteads within
or close to their central settlement, the village of Chilās proper, for the sake of safety from internal
or external attack. All the land capable of irrigation in the immediate vicinity was kept under
a cultivation as intensive as conditions would permit. But since British occupation had rendered
life in scattered small settlements secure, the Chilāsīs had been attracted more and more to life
in the higher portions of the side valleys, where cultivation before had been spasmodic or altogether
neglected. The Chilāsīs were described to me as having a great and innate dread of the heat
that prevails for a great part of the year under the high barren mountains confining the Indus
valley, and likewise of its periodical plague of mosquitoes. Thus this permanent removal to
what land was available for cultivation in the higher valleys becomes intelligible enough.

Possibility Those owning land round Chilās fort neither needed nor desired to cultivate it any longer,
of extended
irrigation. though their old rights to it are being maintained. Even when a re-allotment of these lands,
carried out in 1912 under the direction of the Assistant Political Agent, had facilitated agricultural
work by giving each owner a compact plot, cultivation was resumed only on small patches and
entirely by the labour of indigent tenants. These alone, at the time of my visit, composed the
scanty population of the village. It was fully in accord with this changed condition of things
that the volume of water now carried by the canal from the Buto-gāh stream was far short of the
supply that could be made available if the walls, &c., supporting the channel were strengthened.
There was direct evidence of the possibility of greatly extended cultivation in the abundant volume
of water I saw running to waste in the stream bed. Nor could there be any doubt about the existence
of sufficient arable ground on which to use it. To the west of the area below the fort marked by
abandoned terraces there stretches a wide glacis-like peneplain close on three miles long from east
to west, judging from the map. This, according to tradition, was cultivated in old times and
evidently could again be brought under irrigation from the Buto-gāh stream without any
engineering feat beyond the reach of local resources.

Deceptive I have thought it useful to record these facts in some detail ; for they throw an instructive
evidence
regarding light on questions of 'desiccation' so prominent in connexion with the physical conditions of Central
'desicca-
tion'. Asia during historical times. Let us assume that in the course of the next thousand years the
volume of water received from the high mountains by the Buto-gāh and other Chilās streams
was greatly reduced through some climatic or other change. It would then be only natural for
any future investigator of the geography of the Hindukush region to point to the large abandoned
cultivation terraces of Chilās—supposing that they had for some reason never been reoccupied
and that their traces still survived—as conclusive proof of a 'desiccation' that had taken place
within a definite historical period. He would next set out to find chronological indications of
this period and would, let us suppose, succeed in securing them in the shape of coin finds reaching
down to the latter half of the nineteenth century. He would naturally be tempted to ascribe the
abandonment of this big 'site' directly to the cause of 'desiccation' and to treat the archaeological
fact of the coin finds as a proof of the exact period when that phase of 'desiccation' set in. Yet
such a conclusion would evidently be fallacious. The abandonment of those cultivation terraces
was, as we happen to know from contemporary evidence, entirely the result of the extension of
the Pax Britannica, a human factor in no way connected with climatic change. The 'desiccation'