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| 0677 |
Innermost Asia : vol.1 |
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timber could be found anywhere to the south of this easternmost portion of the T'ien-shan. What
precise locality is meant by Hei-kan-so I am unable to determine. But evidently some thickly
wooded portion of the northern slopes of the range within easy reach of the Barkul pass is
referred to.²⁰
M. Chavannes has already pointed out that the inscription does not record the successful issue
of the campaign, which was secured later by the taking of Kao-ch'ang in the eighth month of the
same year, but the preparation of the siege-train by which this result was effected.²¹ The shortness
of the time which elapsed between Chiang Hsing-pên's arrival on the range and the date of the
inscription recording his exploit (the 25th day of the sixth month corresponding to July 20,
A. D. 670) is explained by the fact that, as noted by his biographer in the T'ang shu, the inscription
was engraved on a stêlê from which an earlier record of Pan Ch'ao's great achievements had first
been removed.²² The famous Han general had, as already mentioned, won his first distinction
by defeating the Huns of Hu-yen on the shores of Lake Barkul. Owing to the wish of the T'ang
commander, more than five and a half centuries later, that the memory of his own engineering
feat should be promptly perpetuated by an inscription on a stone, we have thus probably lost a
record of still greater historical interest.
We may reasonably assume that advantage was taken of the very large forces which the
Emperor T'ai-tsung had sent for the conquest of Turfān,²³ to undertake on the same occasion
an advance north of the range against the territory which in Han times was known as 'Posterior
Chü-shih' and the chief place of which was destined soon to become, under the name of Pei-t'ing,
one of the 'four garrisons' securing T'ang supremacy over the 'Western kingdoms'. But the
T'ang Annals show that this territory submitted after Kao-ch'ang had been taken by the Chinese,
and that it was before Kao-ch'ang that the siege-train constructed in the mountains of Shih-lo-man ²⁴
by the army's engineer-in-chief had been effectively put to use.
The conquest of the Turfān region and the subsequent establishment, during nearly a century
and a half, of Chinese control over the 'Western kingdoms' did not make any change in the occupation
of the Barkul territory by Turkish tribes. The notice in the T'ang Annals on the Sha-t'o 沙 陀
shows that this tribe, belonging to the Ch'u-yüeh 處 月 branch of the Western Turks, 'lived to the
south of Mount Chin-so 金 湊 and east of the lake P'u-lei' (Lake Barkul) ; there was a great stony
desert there called Sha-t'o ; thence they were called T'u-chüeh (i. e. Turks) of Sha-t'o.²⁵ From
another notice in the same text we learn that in A. D. 653 the territory of the Ch'u-yüeh was divided
into two districts of 金 滿 Chin-man and Sha-t'o. Chin-man is identical with the seat of the
Pei-t'ing protectorate, which can be located with certainty near the present Jimasa, west of Guchen,
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