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| 0043 |
Innermost Asia : vol.2 |
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corresponding design that in 89 B.C. a force, composed of troops from Lou-lan, Wei-hsü (Korla),
Wei-li (Konche-Tikenlik) and other feudatory states,¹⁰ᵃ was sent under Chinese leadership against
Chü-shih, in order to create a diversion in support of operations undertaken from the side of the
Su-chou marches against the Huns on the T'ien-shan.¹¹ The king of Chü-shih was besieged and
surrendered, but no permanent submission of the territory ensued ; for towards the close of the
Emperor Chao-ti's reign (86–74 B.C.) we are told that Chü-shih had allied itself with the Huns,
who sent there a cavalry force to form a colony. Though this Hun force retired when a Chinese
army in 73 B.C. prepared to attack Chü-shih, the relations of its chief with the dangerous neighbours
in the north continued for some years longer, threatening to cut off the Chinese from their allies,
the great Wu-sun tribe north of the T'ien-shan.¹² In 68 B.C., however, a vigorous effort was made
from the newly formed Chinese military encampment at Ch'ü-li, on the Tārim, with the help of
auxiliaries from the feudatory states of the Tārim basin, and this, after the capture of Chiao-ho
(Yār-khoto) in the same year, led to the submission of the king of Chü-shih in 67 B.C. A fresh
threat from the side of the Huns was met by a strengthening of the Chinese forces, and finally,
after the king, whom the Huns supported, had retreated eastwards with a portion of his people,
a Chinese military colony was established in the territory.¹³ The Chinese general Chêng Chi
鄭 吉, to whose energy and powers of organization these successes had been due, completed in
60 B.C. his work of consolidation, having been appointed the first 'Protector-General' and placed
in charge also of the 'northern road' west of Chü-shih.¹⁴
From the time when Chü-shih was permanently secured by the establishment of a Chinese
garrison, down to the first decade of the first century A.D., Chinese political control over the Turfān
region appears to have been maintained uninterruptedly. It is during this period of seventy years
of continuous occupation by imperial troops that Turfān may be supposed to have first received
that strong impregnation with elements of Chinese civilization which, strengthened by similar
later periods of close political dependence, persists to the present day and markedly distinguishes
its people from those of the western oases of the Tārim basin. The importance that Chinese policy
attached at that time to Chü-shih, evidently as a kind of bastion securing the Tārim basin against
the danger of Hun aggression from the north-east, is indicated by the establishment there in 48 B.C.
of the special post of military commandant known as Wu-chi-hsiao-wei 戊 已 校 尉, an
appointment of consequence revived in Later Han times.¹⁵ He had his residence in Anterior
Chü-shih at the fortified camp of Kao-ch'ang 高 昌 壘, the present Kara-khōja.¹⁶
In the Yüan-shih period, A.D. 1–5, the Wu-chi-hsiao-wei Hsü P'u-yü opened the 'new northern
route' repeatedly referred to in earlier chapters, which greatly shortened the journey from the
Jade Gate in the Tun-huang Limes to Posterior Chü-shih.¹⁷ It was evidently meant to bring
that territory within easier reach of the Chinese base and hence into closer dependence. From
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