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0044	Innermost Asia : vol.2
極奥アジア : vol.2

this arose complications which the Ch'ien Han shu recounts at length. 'Ku-kou, the king of
Ulterior Chü-shih, however, believing that the road might prove a check to his movements, looked
upon it as an inconvenience. His territory joined that of the Hsiung-nu general of the south.' ¹⁸
Unwilling to accept the boundary arrangement laid down by the Wu-chi-hsiao-wei, the Chü-shih
chief decamped with his people and went over to the Huns. This move, which ultimately led to
his undoing, seems a distinct indication that a part at least of the population then occupying the
Guchen–Jimasa tract relied on pastoral means of life. The same conclusion must be drawn from
what the Annals record of a revolt that followed in A.D. 10. Hsü Chih-li 須置離, the chief
then ruling over Posterior Chü-shih, had planned defection to the Huns and been punished with
decapitation by the Protector-General of the Western countries. Thereupon his brother 'took
command of over two thousand of Hsü Chih-li's people, drove off the domestic animals, and the
whole nation absconded and submitted to the Hsiung-nu '.¹⁹

Chü-shih
lost to
Huns,
A. D. 23. By that time the Shan-yü, the supreme king of the Huns, considering himself insulted by
Wang Mang, the usurper, on his accession to the imperial power (A.D. 9), had broken with the Empire.
His troops made a raid upon Chü-shih in which two Chinese commanders were killed. Then a
rebellion among the Chinese troops at Kao-ch'ang led to the killing of the Wu-chi-hsiao-wei and
the delivery of two thousand of his officers and men by the rebel leaders into the power of the
Huns.²⁰ The peace subsequently patched up between the Shan-yü and Wang Mang was in
A.D. 16 definitely broken. The Huns 'then made a grand attack on the northern border' of China,
'while the Western regions were broken up and scattered like loose tiles'. A Chinese force sent
into the Tārim basin in the same year succeeded, indeed, in reducing some of the revolted states
there ; whether these included Chü-shih is not clear. But on Wang Mang's death, A.D. 23, the
Protector-General's authority was annihilated, and all Chinese political power in the Western
regions ceased for fully half a century.²¹

Section II.—TURFĀN FROM LATER HAN TO T'ANG TIMES

Chü-shih
under Hun
domination. During the period comprising the first two reigns of the Later Han dynasty, Chü-shih, like
all the territories of the Tārim basin, was, as the Hou Han shu tells us, under the domination of
the Huns.¹ Their exactions induced, as early as A.D. 45 the king of Posterior Chü-shih, with the
chiefs of Shan-shan and Yen-ch'i (Kara-shahr), to offer their submission to the Emperor Kuang-wu.²
The need of internal consolidation precluded the Empire at that time from according the desired
protection. The weakening of the Hun power subsequently facilitated internecine struggles between
the different 'Western countries', in the course of which Chü-shih is said to have absorbed a number
of small territories along the northern slopes of the T'ien-shan.³ When the fresh expansion of
Chinese power into Central Asia under the Emperor Ming began in A.D. 73 with the first occupa-
tion of I-wu or Hāmi, Chü-shih soon became again the seat of a military commander with the title
of Wu-chi-hsiao-wei, as in Former Han times. With the opening of the direct road to the Kan-su
marches via Hāmi, Turfān was clearly destined to become even more important to the Chinese
than before. But this first advance was turned into failure on the death of the Emperor Ming,
A.D. 75, when the Protector-General with his force succumbed to attacks of Kara-shahr and Kuchā,

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