Innermost Asia : vol.2 / 45 ページ（カラー画像）

0045	Innermost Asia : vol.2
極奥アジア : vol.2

and the Wu-chi-hsiao-wei was besieged by the Huns and Chü-shih. A Chinese relieving force
dispatched from Su-chou (Chiu-ch'üan) won, indeed, a great victory over Chü-shih in a battle
fought A.D. 76 near Chiao-ho or Yār-khoto. But the Wu-chi-hsiao-wei was recalled, and the Turfān
region was once again abandoned to Hun domination.⁴

It was not until the Huns in the east had suffered a great defeat in A.D. 89 and the famous
general Pan Ch'ao had re-established Chinese supremacy in the west of the Tārim basin by a long
series of brilliant operations, that Turfān and the neighbouring territories passed once again under
Chinese control. In A.D. 90 I-wu (Hāmi) was recovered and both the Anterior and Posterior
kings of Chü-shih sent tribute to the imperial court.⁵ In A.D. 91, Pan Ch'ao having been appointed
Governor-General, a Wu-chi-hsiao-wei was re-established in reside with five hundred soldiers in
the camp of Kao-ch'ang (Kara-khōja), while a 'superintendent of the Wu tribe' 戊部侯 was
placed in charge of the Posterior tribe of Chü-shih.⁶ The subsequent events recorded by the
notice of Chü-shih in the Hou Han shu clearly indicate that it was the 'Posterior tribe of Chü-shih'
which it cost the Chinese administration of the Western countries most trouble to control. This
fact is fully accounted for, in the first place by the closer vicinity of the Huns established in the
north-east of Dzungaria, and secondly by the physical character of the northern slopes of the
T'ien-shan, which permitted Posterior Chü-shih to be occupied by a population at least partly
nomadic. We have already seen evidence of the influence exercised by this geographical difference
between Anterior and Posterior Chü-shih on the history of the two closely linked territories. We
are probably justified in looking to it also for an explanation of certain ethnic facts that may be
gathered from the archaeological and literary remains of Turfān.⁷

In A.D. 96 we read that Cho-ti 棗觀, king of the Posterior tribe, on being threatened with
deposition by the Wu-chi-hsiao-wei, took the offensive against the king of the Anterior tribe, by
whom he had been betrayed. A large Chinese expedition had to be organized in the following
year in order to pursue him into the territory of the northern Huns, where he was ultimately defeated
and killed.⁸ The general disorders and revolt that broke out after Pan-Ch'ao's retirement in A.D. 102
from the charge of the Western countries, and by A.D. 107 led to their complete abandonment,
brought Chü-shih once again into dependence on the Huns. The Chinese occupation of I-wu
(Hāmi) in A.D. 119 was followed, it is true, by the submission of the king of Anterior Chü-shih
(Turfān). But the Chinese occupying force was annihilated within the same year by the Huns,
assisted by the Posterior tribe of Chü-shih, and thereupon the chief of Anterior Chü-shih was also
put to flight. During the years immediately following we read that the people of Chü-shih, overawed
by the Huns, constantly participated in the raids by which the latter harassed the territories of Ho-hsi,
from Tun-huang to beyond Kan-chou.⁹

It was the imminent danger that the Huns from Turfān would overrun both Tun-huang and
Shan-shan, and thus establish contact with the Ch'iang nomads in the Nan-shan and K'un-lun
to the south, that appears to have forced the Emperor An-ti into action. In A.D. 123 Pan Yung,
the son of Pan Ch'ao and almost as celebrated as his father, was appointed Chang-shih 長史 of
the Western countries, with orders to establish himself with a Chinese garrison at Liu-chung 柳中,
the present Lukchun, the chief eastern oasis of the Turfān basin. As I-wu (Hāmi) was not

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