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『東洋文庫所蔵』貴重書デジタルアーカイブ
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| 0058 |
Innermost Asia : vol.2 |
| 極奥アジア : vol.2 |
引用情報
OCR読み取り結果
to later periods. It also accounts for the difficulty which in the present state of our knowledge
must often be experienced in fixing the approximate date of discoveries made there, especially when
they result not from systematic excavation but from ' irresponsible ' digging by cultivators and
others.
Continuous This difficulty of fixing chronological limits is increased in the case of Turfān remains by two
occupation causes, one connected with historical, the other with geographical circumstances. Owing to the
of sites. protection that the Turfān territory enjoyed for long periods, first owing to continuous Chinese
occupation and later under undisturbed Uigur rule, it was spared, as far as we can judge, any
violent cataclysms that might have resulted in the complete destruction of important localities and
their consequent abandonment, together with their places of worship, &c. This immunity from
permanent devastation is reflected in the fact that practically all ruins of pre-Muhammadan times
in the Turfān basin are found within the area of actual cultivation or in the immediate vicinity of
still occupied towns and villages. It is manifest that under such conditions it is far more difficult
to fix a terminus ad quem for all remains brought to light at particular ruins than where the sites,
such as those traced along the southern edge of the Tārim basin, when once abandoned to the
desert, have never been occupied again.
Irrigation The same result follows from the fact that, owing to peculiar features of geographical position
of Turfān and climate, the Turfān district includes no sites that have become definitely uninhabitable within
district. historical times through ' desiccation ', i. e. lasting diminution of the water-supply needed for
irrigation. The climate of the Turfān basin can be shown from available records and by the
evidence of archaeological indications to have always been one of great aridity. But the com-
paratively close vicinity of the high range to the north, carrying permanent snow and receiving
a great deal of precipitation from the distinctly moister zone beyond, causes a considerable amount
of drainage to descend into the basin, either above or below the surface. Owing to a remarkable
geological faulting, represented by the range of low but strikingly bold hills that rises all along
the northern rim of the basin proper, from near Pichan in the east to beyond Yār-khoto in the
west, most of the drainage absorbed by the glacis of piedmont gravel comes to the surface again
in the form of plentiful springs whereby the most fertile portion of the basin at the foot of those
hills is irrigated.
No sites Thus the main oases of Lukchun, Kara-khōja and Turfān have remained assured of adequate
abandoned irrigation ; while such outlying portions of them as might have suffered through the diminution
to desert. in the discharge of surface canals which probably did take place during historical times, have been
saved from abandonment by the use of Kārēzes or underground canals. In the area, all below
sea-level, that lies beyond this belt and descends towards the deepest portion of the depression,
cultivation must at all times have been much restricted, where not altogether precluded ; for there
we find great salt-encrusted wastes surrounding the terminal lake-bed of the basin, now for the
most part dried up (Map No. 28. c, D. 3). This explains why, in that area too, we find no ruined
sites, like those beyond the end of the Niya river or those of Lou-lan, which were abandoned to the
desert at a definite period and which, having remained uninhabitable and practically inaccessible
ever since, have preserved for us undisturbed remains of everyday life datable within comparatively
narrow chronological limits. For these reasons the ruins of Turfān sites are almost all to be found
well within the limits of the living. Fortunately, however, the archaeologist may turn to the
abodes of the dead, and these, as we shall see, have preserved much that those ruins cannot reveal
as regards the life that was once led around them.
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424
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435
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445
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457
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467
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477
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487
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497
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507
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517
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527
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537
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547
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557
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567
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577
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587
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597
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607
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617
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627
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637
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647
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657
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667
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677
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687
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697
698
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