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| 0294 |
Innermost Asia : vol.2 |
| 極奥アジア : vol.2 |
引用情報
OCR読み取り結果
skirting the foot of the T'ien-shan and linking China with the Oxus region and Western Asia in
general. The importance of the main oasis in this respect, apart from its local resources, is suffi-
ciently indicated by the fact that it lies about half-way between Kāshgar in the west and Turfān
in the east ; or, if we consider the times when the ancient Chinese ' route of the centre ' was in use,
between Kāshgar and Lou-lan.
Strategic
importance
of Kuchā. The strategic importance resulting from these considerations dictated the choice of Kuchā
as the military and political centre of the ' Four Garrisons ' during T'ang rule over the Tārīm
basin.⁶ Similarly, in Han times, the Protector General of the Western countries was stationed at
Wu-lei, corresponding in all probability to Bugur, an outlier of the Kuchā oasis.⁷ During this
period, when the region north of the T'ien-shan was still independent of Chinese control, there
was an additional advantage in placing the administrative centre near Kuchā : it was easy to watch
from this point the several routes leading down from the north, by which barbarian inroads might
threaten the main line of communication of Chinese trade and military operations. Finally it
should be remembered that the riverine belts of the Tārīm and Khotan-daryā provide the shortest
practicable line of access from the great northern high road to Khotan and the other oases south
of the Taklamakān, as well as to those of Yārkand and Lop in the south-west and south-east.
Hsüan-
tsang's
monasteries
of Chao-
hu-li. Although the Chinese notices bearing upon Kuchā during the thousand years of its history
before the advent of Islām are comparatively numerous, they do not furnish us with any direct
indication as to the position of the capital of the territory. A clue, perhaps, is afforded by the two
Buddhist monasteries, both known by the name Chao-hu-li 照 枯 稽, which Hsüan-tsang
specially singles out for mention and describes as situated on the flanks of ' two neighbouring
hills separated by a river ', one to the east and one to the west.⁸ If we are right in identifying them
with the two conspicuous sites of ruined Buddhist shrines facing each other on the hill spurs of
Su-bāshi, between which the Kuchā river debouches on to its alluvial fan, we may look for the
position of the Kuchā city of the pilgrim's time in the vicinity of the present town. This lies,
as Map No. 17. B. I shows, about eight miles to the south-south-west of the southernmost of the
temple ruins of Su-bāshi. This position agrees closely enough with the distance and bearing
recorded by Hsüan-tsang, who placed the Chao-hu-li monasteries, with their famous Buddha statues,
forty li to the north of the city.
Position of
ancient
capital. The present town, situated close to the western river bank and surrounded for the most part
by weak walls of stamped clay, manifestly of modern construction, shows no old remains above
ground as far as I could ascertain. But on the opposite side of the river, where lively suburban
Bāzārs, stretching along the main roads towards the town, mingle with orchards, fields, and clusters
of cultivators' farms, I was able to trace the ruins of a larger and certainly much older circumvalla-
tion. Their position, almost due south of the Sū-bāshi shrines and somewhat nearer to them than
that of the present town, suggests that they may well mark the site of the walls that enclosed the
Kuchā city of T'ang times. As I know of no published account of them, I append a brief record
of the rapid survey that I made during my first halt.
Remains
of old
circumvalla-
tion. Our camp was pitched in Qāzī Muḥammad 'Alī's garden, near the eastern bank of the river,
and about a mile above the high road where it enters the town. Proceeding thence eastward for
half a mile, I came upon the first extant section of the old circumvallation, of which Maḥsūd, my
intelligent old ' Darōgha ' and guide of 1908, had told me. It consisted of a rampart solidly built
of stamped clay, some 60 feet wide at the base and in its ruined condition still rising to a height
of about 18 feet. It maintained approximately these dimensions about 300 yards. Farther on
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