National Institute of Informatics - Digital Silk Road Project
Digital Archive of Toyo Bunko Rare Books

Circumvallations, ancient, (Charkhlik)
164 ; (Bāsh-koyumal) 166 ; (Lou-lan
sites) 192, 193, 260 ; (Limes) 412 ;
(Khara-khoto) 438 ; (Ying-p'an) 753 ;
(Lapār) 793 ; (Kuchā) 806, 809, 811 ;
(Ak-shahr) 819 ; (Ghāgha-shahr) 909 ;
(Shahristān) 926 sq. ; (Zāhidān) 933 ;
(Ghala-tappa) 936 ; (Kalāt-i-gird) 948 ;
triple ring of ramparts, (Öch-kat)
812.
cisterns, ancient, (Ghāla-kōh) 993.
classical influence, in seals from Kuchā,
822.
clay, cliffs along shore of Lop Sea, 314 ;
steppe, (near Bēsh-tam) 70 ; terraces,
see Mesas.
clay figurines : demons, (Astāna) 653,
667, 691, 709 ; man, 663 ; woman,
559, 667, 710.
technique of, 694.
clay objects : model of pot or basin,
(Astāna) 694 ; moulds for relief
plaques, 359, 446, 449 ; mould for tile,
(Yār-khoto) 714 ; pedestal for statu-
ette, (Pei-t'ing) 559 ; relief plaques,
(Ch'ien-fo-tung) 359, 361 sqq. ; votive
stūpas, 445 ; votive tablets, (Khara-
khoto) 446, 500. See bricks.
clematis-like flowers, four-petalled, in
wood-carvings, (Darēl) 26 ; (Rōshān)
886 (cf. Graeco-Buddhist reliefs, 887).
cloud-scrolls, on textiles, varieties of, 240,
247, 909.
'vermicular', on block-print, 481,
485.
coal-pits, (Mou-wo) 524.
cockatrices : on silk (Astāna) 677 ; con-
fronted in medallion, 697.
coffin covers : of silk, painted with
figures of Fu-hsi and his consort, 665,
708 ; of cotton fabric, 664 sq., 708.
coffins, construction of, 264, 265, 276,
664 ; for two persons, 755.
See also burial-grounds, Astāna.
coiffure, types of : on terra-cotta heads,
98, 112, 113, 122, 126, 641 ; on stucco
reliefs, 137, 174, 179 ; in painting, 139,
641, 650, 657, 693 ; children, (Toyuk)
631 ; donor figures, (Kara-khōja) 599
sq. ; girl in L.F. grave, 265 ; lady
rider, (Astāna) 653.
treatment of, in Han art, 393.
coins, absence of, in Wakhān, 864 ;
dropped by caravan on ancient 'route
of the centre', 290, 296, 300.
Inventory List of Coins, by F. M. G.
Lorimer and J. Allan, App. B, 988
sqq.
Table of Coin Specimens, reproduced
in Pls. CXIX, CXX, 995.
Chinese coins : datings from, 158,
167, 188, 441, 456, 503 ; coins of
Chinese regnal periods : Ch'eng-ho,
989, 990 ; Chêng-lung, 441, 992 ; Chia-
yu, 990, 992 ; Ch'ien-chung, 992, 994 ;
Ch'ien-yen, 990 ; Ch'ien-yüan, 988,

993 ; Chih-ho, 990, 992–3 ; Chih-p'ing,
989, 992 ; Chih-ta, 992 ; Chih-tao,
989–90, 992 ; Ching-ti, 989 ; Ching-yu,
993 ; Ch'ung-ning, 161, 988–90, 992–3 ;
Hsi-ning, 442, 988–90, 992–3 ; Hsiang-
fu, 990, 993 ; Hsien-p'ing, 436, 990,
993 ; Hsüan-ho, 990, 992 ; Huang-
sung, 990, 993 ; Kang-hsi, 992 ; Man-
chu, 992, 993 ; Ming-tao, 990 ; Shao-
shêng, 990, 992 ; Shêng-sung, 993 ;
Shun-hua, 993 ; Sung dynasty, 989, 993.
(Charchan) 188 ; (Khara-khoto) 455 ;
Ta-kuan, 989 ; Ta-li, 988–90, 994 ;
T'ai-ping, 990–2 ; T'ien-fu, 936, 989,
993 ; T'ien-hsi, 990, 993 ; T'ien-shêng,
990, 993 ; Wang Mang, 988, 990 ;
Yüan-fêng, 988–90, 992–3 ; Yüan-fu,
989–90, 993 ; Yüan-yen, 218, 991 ;
Yüan-yu, 989–90, 992–3.
Chinese coins with legend :
Ho-pu, 988.
Huo-ch'üan, 991, 992, (Lou-lan)
188, 268, 217 ; (Limes) 377, 400.
K'ai-yüan, 988 sqq. ; (Khara-
khoto) 436, 441, 455, 456 ; (Pei-
t'ing) 557 ; (Astāna) 651, 665 ; (Ying-
p'an) 751.
Wu-shu, 988 sqq. ; (Lou-lan) 184,
188, 196, 208, 217, 219, 246, 263, 266,
271, 274, 290, 296 ; (Limes) 345, 349,
351, 373, 376, 382, 384, 391, 392, 400 ;
(Khara-khoto) 441, 455, 456 ; (As-
tāna) 647, 649 ; (Ying-p'an) 751,
753.
Byzantine gold coins : Astāna, 646,
993 ; imitations of, 994.
Kushān coins, 988–9.
Muhammadan coins : of Fīrōz II,
948, 994 ; Muhammad Arslān, 988–
90 ; Qutbuddin, 948, 994 ; Sulaimān
Khā-qān, 985, 989, 990.
Sasanian coins : from tombs of
Astāna, 993, 994 ; from Pai-kash-i-
Rustam, 946, 994.
Sino-kharoshthi coins, 822, 988–9.
For references in text, see Inventory,
App. B.
comb-case, embroidered, (Lou-lan) 240,
249.
combs, horn, (M. Tāgh) 92, 95 ; (Do-
moko) 134 ; (Kao-ch'ang) 590, 601 ;
wooden, (M. Tāgh) 92, 95 ; (Lou-lan)
202, 223, 245, 258, 345, 415, 424, 427 ;
(Khara-khoto) 463 ; (Kao-ch'ang) 591,
668, 669 ; (Murtuk) 638, 639 ; (As-
tāna) 648, 653, 683, 691, 692, 699 ;
(Ying-p'an) 772, 784.
conglomerate cliffs, (Kara-tāsh) 64 ;
(T'ien-shan) 562.
conifers, forests of, (Fasat) 10 ; (T'ien-
shan) 556, 560, 791, 865 ; (Bostān-
arche) 844.
copper-mines, disused, (Kara-tāsh) 70 ;
(T'ien-shan) 72.
copper objects : ball, (Lou-lan) 304 ;
bar, (Kizil-yār) 124 ; hook, (Lou-lan)

304 ; ore, fr. of, (Lou-lan) 739 ; orna-
ment, (Toyuk) 627.
Coptic types of design, woollen tapestries
of L.C. suggest, 241.
coral, with scroll-work ornament, (Khara-
khoto) 441, 464.
cord and tassel, on stucco relief, (Lāl-
tāgh), 81.
CORDIER, Professor H. : on Yüeh-ya-
ch'üan, 356 ; on location of Etzina, 457.
cords : woollen, and goat's hair, 95.
costume : on wall-paintings, (Ghāgha-
shahr) 914 sqq. ; on painted panels,
(Khotan) 1054 sqq. ; of Chinese jug-
glers, on block-prints, 596.
cotton fabric, frs. of : (Kara-tāsh) 70 ;
(Domoko) 133 ; (Limes) 345, 416 ;
(Yutōgh) 611 ; imported to Astāna
from Chekiang, 664 ; canvas, (Limes)
420 ; cloth, 423 ; hank of thread,
(Lou-lan) 198.
weaves of (Lou-lan) : jean, 232, 247,
249 ; plain weave, 232, 247 sqq. ;
warp-rib, 232, 247.
cotton, grown in Turfān, 568, 569.
cotton, raw, (Kuchā) 810, 822.
cotton used as writing material in India,
247.
cow, wooden leg of, (Astāna) 650, 651,
687.
COWIE, Colonel H. McC., Survey of India,
help of, ix.
cowries, (Darēl) 29.
cranes, on embroidered cloth, (Ying-
p'an) 760 ; on silk damask, (Lou-lan)
257 ; (Astāna) 684 ; on seal, (Do-
moko) 135.
crests, on headdress of Lou-lan hunters,
265.
cross-bow, part of, (Limes) 346, 416.
cultivation, submontane, 511 ; T'ien-
shan, 553 ; on inundated ground, 71,
819 ; in terminal oases, precarious-
ness of, 141, 157 ; limited by irriga-
tion resources, 128, 793 ; dependence
on the human factor, 790.
abandonment of, (Daloin) 10 ; (Chi-
lās) 12 ; (Pakōra) 14 ; (Chilidur) 15 ;
(Dalgīn) 17 ; (Darēl) 24 ; (Vāsin), 43 ;
(Chapursan valley) 51 ; (Marāl-bāshi)
75 ; (Chong-tim) 79 ; (Ghōra-chōl) 91 ;
(Hua-hai-tzŭ) 397 ; (Shākh-dara) 882.
changes in, (Daldār) 54 ; (in ter-
minal oases) 171.
extension of, (Islāmābād) 94 ; (Tāgh-
dumbāsh) 53 ; (Khalpat) 128 ; (Tat-
ran) 159.
resumption of, (Eshme) 790.
causes of abandonment difficult to
determine, 140 ; not always due to
desiccation, 12, 24 ; depopulation, 24 ;
instability of new settlers, 780, 781 ;
desiccation, 459 ; floods, 140 ; changes
in courses of rivers, 459, 836.
changes in, due to changes in posi-
tion of springs, 131 ; to settlement of