国立情報学研究所 - ディジタル・シルクロード・プロジェクト
『東洋文庫所蔵』貴重書デジタルアーカイブ

Toghraklik, site N. of Charkhlik, ruined
enclosure at, 166 n. 7.
Toghraks, wild poplars : Toghraks, dead,
marking old water channels or former
flood levels, 72, 73, 75, 76, 78, 144,
183, 184, 192, 193, 205, 206, 208, 219,
364, 733, 737, 745, 760, 767.
Toghraks, living, 63, 430, 562, 723,
729 ; marking ancient river-beds, 364,
749, 768, 774.
Tokhārī B, ancient Indo-European lan-
guage of Kuchā, 803.
Tokhāristān, dispatches from ruler of, to
Chinese emperor, 3, 37.
Tokhta Ākhūn, treasure-seeker of Is-
lāmābād, 93, 100, 180, 273.
Tokhta Ākhūn-ku-atkan-kōl, basin, 182.
Toksu, ancient circumvallation at, 808.
T'o-li or T'o-leh, kingdom of, mentioned
by Fa-hsien, 20 ; identified with
Darēl, 21.
toilet box deposited with dead, (Astāna)
665, 705.
Tong- = Tonguz-bāsh.
Tonguluk-bulak, near Murtuk, cultiva-
tion at, 636.
Tonguz-bāsh, ruined town SW. of Kuchā,
809 ; finds at, and date, 810, 822 ;
remains of Buddhist shrines, 810.
top-knot, on stucco relief, (Lāl-tāgh) 81.
T'ou-tun, 'the chief tower', modern
name for T. XLIII. l, 395.
'Town of the Dragon', Li Tao-yüan's
story of, 293, 762 ; not a ruined site,
294 ; story suggested by belt of Mesas
along Chinese 'route of the centre',
294.
Toy. = Toyuk, objects from ruins, 620
sqq.
Toyuk, village of Turfān, 614 ; previous
exploration of, 614 ; ruined shrines,
615 sq. ; frs. of stucco relievos, 616 ;
frescoes showing Western influence,
617 ; frescoes from cave-shrine, 618 ;
objects from, 620 sqq. ; coins from,
614 sqq., 993 ; pottery from, 1014 ;
documents from, 1029, 1048.
transport : skill of Chinese organiza-
tion in dealing with, 337 sqq. ; use of
camels, 340 ; cart traffic, 340.
tray, wooden, (Niya) 146 n. 20, 151.
'treasure-seekers', native, 92 ; destruc-
tion caused by, 440, 816.
'tree of life', in Sasanian art, possibly
foreshadowed in Chinese art, 244.
trees, treatment of, on figured silks, 251 ;
in Chinese painting, (Astāna) 656.
trefoil arch, containing figure of Buddha,
(Ch'ien-fo-tung reliefs) 361.
Trimūrti, three-headed deity, in frescoes,
129, 132, 137 ; in block-prints, 494 ;
drawing, 505 ; on seal, 822, 829.
Tsagan-gulu, springs of, 527.
Tsê-tien, 'fertilizing the fields', temple
of, mentioned by Wang Yen-tê,
located at Chik-tam, 582 n. 6.
Ts'in, lake, in Han Annals, identified
with Tur-kōl, 541.
Ts'ung-ling, meridional range dividing
Pāmīrs from basin of Tārim, 764 n. 14.
tu-hu, 'Protector-General' or 'Governor-
General', 795 n. 11.
T'u-lu-fan, name of Turfān city in Ming
Annals, 717.
Tüge-tam, ruined enclosure, 800.
tugh, weir for reservoir, 181.
Tügine-tar, rock gate of Kara-tāsh, 63.
Tui valley, route to Yārkhun, 44.
Tülküch-kōl, lakelet, 142.
Tülküch-kōl-tārim, agricultural colony,
140 ; threatened abandonment of, 140.
Tum-shuk, village, change of road near,
837 ; ruined Buddhist shrines near,
840.
Tumanovich, Captain, Russian com-
mandant at Nut, kind reception by,
876.
Tun-huang, revisited, 354 sqq. ; official
changes, 354. See Limes.
Tun-huang Lu, manuscript of T'ang
period, on Yüeh-ya-ch'üan, 356.
Tung-êrh-shan, well, 530.
Tungan rebellion, devastation caused by,
153, 556.
Tungan troops, suppress Chinese 'Revo-
lutionaries', 160, 163.
Turān Bēg of Shakh-dara, local informa-
tion received from, 879, 881.
Turfān, archaeology of : abundance of
pre-Muhammadan remains, 566 ; pre-
vious explorations of, 566 ; collection
of archaeological finds in Berlin, 567 ;
difficulty caused by continuous occu-
pation, 586 ; ruined sites of, 587 sqq.
See Kao-ch'ang, Kara-khōja, Toyuk,
Murtuk, Astāna, &c.
Turfān, history of : Chinese historical
notices, 568 sqq. ; part of Anterior
Chü-shih, 568 ; close connexion with
Posterior Chü-shih at Kucheng, 568 ;
common political fate of both terri-
tories, 569 ; description of, in Former
Han Annals, 569 sq. ; used as base
for Hun raids on Chinese route to
'Western countries', 570 ; Chinese
attacks upon, 89–67 B.C., 570 ; Chinese
control established, 60 B.C., 571 ; de-
fection to Huns, 571 ; Chinese authority
annihilated, A.D. 23, 572.
from later Han to T'ang times,
572 sqq. ; Hun domination of,
572 ; Chinese control re-established,
A.D. 89, 573 ; abandoned to Huns,
A.D. 107, 573 ; Chinese influence dur-
ing Chin epoch, 575 ; secured by Wu-
hui, 575 ; under rule of An-chou, 575 ;
predominance of the Juan-Juan in
fifth century, 576 ; rule of Ch'ü
family, 576 ; homage paid to Sui
emperor, 576 ; described in Pei-shih,
576 ; Chinese customs and administra-
tion introduced, 575, 576 ; dangers of
desert route to Tun-huang, 576 ;
notices of, in T'ang shu, 577 ; Chinese
expedition against Ch'ü Wên-tai, 577 ;
organized under Protectorate of An-
hsi, 578 ; Hsüan-tsang's passage
through, 579 ; difficulty of maintain-
ing communication with China in A.D.
781, 580 ; proposal to surrender to
Tibetans, 580 ; final phase of Chinese
occupation, 580 ; increasing Tibetan
attacks, 580 ; under the Uighurs,
581 sq. ; importance of, to occupiers
of Guchen, 582 ; chief seat of Uighur
domination, 582 ; prosperity of, 583
n. ; summer migration of king to
Pei-t'ing, 584 ; Uighur dominion re-
tained under Mongol rule, 584 ; passes
under suzerainty of Chagatai's family,
585 ; late survival of Buddhism, 585.
Turfān basin, physical features of :
aridity, 583 ; necessity of irrigation,
568, 586 ; fertility and continuous
cultivation, 568, 579, 586 ; depth below
sea-level, 711 ; salt marsh in depres-
sion compared with Lop sea-bed, 719.
communications : traditions of de-
sert route to Tun-huang, 273, 310,
377 ; route to Lop, 720 ; to Lou-lan,
743 ; importance to Chinese of road
through Turfān to west, 574, 578 ;
meeting-place for Chinese and Western
trade, 675.
Tur-kōl, lake, abundant grazing lands,
536.
Turdi, Dāk carrier, 319.
Turkestān, Russian, permission to travel
through granted, 843.
Turkī language, predominance of in
Tārim basin due to Uighur domina-
tion, 582.
Turkish tribes occupying Barkul in
T'ang period, 545.
Turkmān race, Iranian blood in, 898 ;
slave raids in Khorāsān, 898.
Turner, Colonel H. H., Survey of India,
help of, ix.
Tushkan-chōl, camp at, 90.
Tütins, reed rafts used on Hāmūn,
925 n. 14.
Tuzluk ('the salt place'), salt diggings,
84.

U.Z. = Ulūgh-ziārat.
Udyāna, or Uḍḍiyāna, ancient name of
Swāt, 20.
Uighurs, migrate to S. and
SW. from Mongolia in ninth century,
581 ; break Tibetan supremacy in E.
Turkestān, 581 ; extent of their
dominion, 581, 583 ; effects of their
domination in Turkestān, 581 ; Wang
Yen-tê's description of, 584 ; dominion
over Turfān maintained under Mongol
supremacy, 584 ; government shifted
to Kuchā in eleventh century, 584 ;
mixture of religions among, 585.