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| 0242 |
Tibet and Turkestan : vol.1 |
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The further difficulty of dividing small fields, which
must retain fixed relations to an irrigation system,
will largely affect the means which shall uncon-
sciously be adopted by society for its perpetuation
without increase. Here, indeed, we have the simple
relation considered by Malthus—the pressure of
population upon sustenance,—a relation obscured in
our world, where continued expansion into new lands
(either by direct immigration or by commerce with
new peoples) and continued invention, have com-
bined to fill easily an increasing number of stomachs.
But the Tibetans are so situated that their world
is apart; it is for them almost as if it were all the
world—a narrow, snow-bound, treeless, upheaved
world, in whose rough creases and folds they must
scantily live or incontinently die. That some sys-
tematic check upon population should appear, to-
gether with the variable checks, war and pestilence,
is to be supposed. The relative indivisibility of the
land has, I believe, determined the particular social
forms, polyandry and monasticism, as such system-
atic checks. A marriage relation so unique as this,
standing quite on the opposite side of normal mono-
gamy from the more familiar variant, polygamy,
challenges attention and at once declares the exist-
ence of special predisposing causes. This is not the
occasion for insisting at length upon the generally
intimate relation of property to marriage relation.
It will be sufficient to summarise thus: In highly
developed societies, polygamy (including concubin-
age) suggests concentrated wealth and privilege.
Monogamy is democratic; it suggests divided prop-
erty and privilege. Polyandry suggests poverty and
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