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| 0416 |
Tibet and Turkestan : vol.1 |
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snow far exceeding the present deposit, and this ac-
cumulation then yielded, under the influence of the
summer's midday heats, those mighty torrents which
*must* have existed to do the work which has been done.
Volcanic action has not been of wide extent. Indeed,
one sees so little of it along the whole line traversed by
us over the Alaï, Kuen Lun, Karakoram, and Himalaya
ranges, that I was the more forcibly struck by the two
areas in which this action is unmistakable. One is near
Lake Sarakul, and is about five miles square. Within
that area one may see several true craters and number-
less black, tortured masses rising about seventy-five feet
above the surrounding coarse sand. On the edge of this
area was another smaller one showing petrifaction of all
the stems and roots of a hardy grass. There was nothing
to indicate the continuation of any process of infiltration
to account for the petrifaction, though possibly the area,
which lay four miles from a sulphurous lake, may at times
be flooded.
The second volcanic region was about forty miles
south of the first. Here the surface of the narrow valley
was covered, for a distance of several miles, with char-
acteristic volcanic boulders, and outcroppings of lava
in mass showed in the sides of the confining heights.
In the great east-and-west valley, however, nothing is
seen save what may be attributed to the ordinary effects
of erosion. That which is particularly noted here, how-
ever, is the marked difference in material and appear-
ance between the two chains limiting the valley. That
on the north is a sort of double chain, presenting toward
the valley a front of foot-hills, black or dark greyish in
colour, and showing the rounded forms that have been
subjected to erosive action for a period relatively long.
Behind them, and sometimes concealed by them if the
intervening distance were considerable, rose the main
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