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| 0078 |
Southern Tibet : vol.1 |
Citation Information
OCR Text
According to Ptolemy the sources of the Indus are situated in the country of the Daradræ, which is mountainous and higher than all other countries. Both the Indus and the Ganges and their tributaries are represented by him as coming from the southern side of Paropamisus and Imaus. In this respect Ptolemy has not proceeded any farther than Strabo and all the rest of his predecessors.
The Satlej is one of the three rivers which will especially occupy our attention in this work. It had escaped the knowledge of Alexander's historians as the Greeks did not reach so far. But Ptolemy has it and locates its source as the easternmost of the tributaries of the Indus. With the source of the Zadadros or Çatadru, we have, however, only to understand that part of the river which traverses the mountainous country immediately above Jalandhâra.¹ It would require a very long time before European geographers advanced beyond Ptolemy regarding the situation of the source of the Satlej. Even on a map published by Major RENNELL so late as in 1800, the source of the river has the same situation in relation to the mountains as on Ptolemy's map.²
On the accompanying Pl. I is Ptolemy's representation of the Indus, and on Pl. II that of the Ganges. They are facsimiles from the Codex Constantinopolitanus the maps of which, in 1901, were photographed by Dr. F. MARTIN for Baron A. E. NORDENSKIÖLD, and a complete set of photographs is kept in the Royal Library at Stockholm. The general outlines of the Indus and the Ganges on this map are nearly the same as on other Ptolemæan maps, for instance the edition Ptolemæus Romæ 1490.³
East of the Ganges (Pl. III) Ptolemy has a mountain range called Bepyrrus. Generally his ideas of the Eastern Himalaya are confused, for this Bepyrrus is no doubt meant to be a part of the Eastern Himalaya. He also shows some of the rivers in this region as coming down from different ranges, though he has not been able to place the ranges in a correct relation to each other. From Bepyrrus two nameless Gangetic tributaries flow westwards. Saint-Martin suggests that they may be the Kâouçiki and the Gandaki or the Tistâ. Farther east we find a range called Damasi, giving rise to the river Daona, which has also a western source in the Bepyrrus.⁴
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