National Institute of Informatics - Digital Silk Road Project
Digital Archive of Toyo Bunko Rare Books

sKyem-gnam-mt'so-p'yug-mo and others. There are also many rivers. There is a great
number of forest, bushwood and grass.»

mNa-ri has three districts: sTag-mo lha-dvags, Mań-yul-žań-žuń and Gu-ge
Pu-hrań, »although some people reckon Pu-hrań, Mań-yul and Zańs-dkar as one district».
Lha-dvags, Ru-t'ok and Gu-ge are specially to be noticed. Then he talks of sToń-skar,
a place belonging to the Galdan-palace. »In its neighbourhood is the magnificent
snowy mountain of Tise, the lake Ma-p'am, a spring known under the name of T'uń-
grol. Nowadays are all the described places of the snowy mountains, without excep-
tion, regarded as the Gańs-ti-se, as mentioned in the Abhidharmakoça and other places,
and Anudata (Anavatapta) is nowadays identified with the one which is known under
the name of Ma-p'am g.yu-mt'so. In the explanations of the Koça it is said, that at
all four sides of Gańs-ti-se there are to be found rocks or mountains with faces
resembling an elephant, a garuḍa »ein Adler, Greif», nach and. Auffass. ein
Pfau, Grünwedel), a horse, a lion, and that from them rise the following rivers: Gangā,
Sindhu, Pakshu, and Sitā, and that each of them. with 500 tributaries, is streaming to
a different direction and falling into its own sea.¹ And further it is said that the lake
Anudata has 50 'mil' (in circumference?), and that it has other extraordinary quali-
ties, and it is added that this place is inaccessible and as a rule fatal. — But from
where rise the four rivers and where do they run to? Of the Ganges I have spoken
before.² The river Sindhu takes its rise from a snowy range in Bal-ti, to the west
from Gańs-ti-se, and, turning south, goes through Kapitana, Dsalandhar, Pantsab and
other places . . . and then falls into the sea. Thus there are in Kashemir, Usmapa-
rant, Dsalandhar, and other places a good many snowy mountains and rivers (falling
into the Indus); therefore the river Indhu is uncomparably the greatest of the four.
The river Pakshu rises at the north-western side of Tise, which is situated in the
country T'o-dgar and, taking the direction to the west, it runs through Balkh, Bokhara,
Khiva and not far from Rum, the principal turkish empire, in the country of the great
Mongolian aïmak of the Karakalpaks, and falls into the sea called Manasarovara. The
river Sitā takes its rise from the north-western ramifications of Gańs-ti-se, and, stream-
ing past Yarkand and other places, falls into the salt lake in the T'ogarian country
Turfan. It is said that this river formerly went running through central Mongolia
and fell into the Eastern Ocean, but as it happened that the Chinese and the T'oga-
rians were digging canals from it for irrigation purposes, the water was cut off . . .

The mountain that nowadays is known under the name of Gańs-ti-se is very
high and has the resemblance of a yurta; it is surrounded by high mountains, and
therefore it is said of it, that the very highest top of it has 70 majestic heads. It
stands isolated from the surrounding mountains; to the front (south) side it seems
full of crevasses and as it were in a teacher's way look down upon the little