National Institute of Informatics - Digital Silk Road Project
Digital Archive of Toyo Bunko Rare Books

could see no road. The guide had already returned to Mana, and now the two
servants would also return. Andrade accompanied them, lest they should die in
the snow. After a few days they fortunately met Bothia-scouts from Mana and after
another three days they camped in a grotto where they were joined by Marques
who came up with provisions. After a month's rest they returned to the pass, which
was then easier since a good deal of the snow had melted. On the other side they
were received by emissaries from the King of Tsaparang, and in the beginning of
August 1624 they had reached the ›Cidade Real‹.

In Tsaparang Andrade was received with royal hospitality by the king and
queen, but he stayed only one month and has nothing to say of geographical in-
terest, except that the city is situated on a river. In the beginning of November
he is again at Agra, where he wrote his little book, which is dated November 8th, 1624.

But already the next year Andrade started for his second journey to Tsapa-
rang. How long he remained this time is not known. He reached Tsaparang Au-
gust 28th, 1625. April 11th, 1626, he laid the foundation stone to the first Christian
church in Tibet. On August 15th the same year his second narrative is dated at
Tsaparang.¹ From letters he has written it is clear that, in September 1627, he
was still in Tsaparang. But in 1630 he was at Goa, and in 1631 he sent four
missionaries to Tsaparang. In the beginning of 1634 he prepared himself for a third
expedition, together with six companions, but died, March 19th, and was buried
at Goa.

C. Wessels has found that at least eighteen other missionaries followed And-
rade's example and continued his work. Marques was still at Tsaparang in 1642.
Only vague echoes from those days have reached our time. It is to be hoped that
C. Wessels will have every success in his intention to write an essay on these un-
known missionaries.

Andrade's second narrative, though extremely interesting to read, contains
even less geography than the first. He only mentions ›the grand Lama of Utsang‹,
Dalai Lama in Lhasa; and when he speaks of a city half a day from Tsaparang,
we suspect that he means Totling.

To return to the pool on the Mana pass, which for centuries has been the
innocent cause of misunderstandings, it should be noticed that Andrade speaks of a
›tanque‹ and not of a ›lago‹. He means, as Wessels clearly proves, the 370 m. long
glacier lake, which is situated on the pass, and from which the Saraswati takes its
origin and goes down to the Ganges. The other river which irrigates the countries of
Tibet is a tributary to the Satlej. But modern geographers have misunderstood him.
MARKHAM, for instance, says: ›He climbed the terrific passes to the source of the
Ganges, and eventually, after fearful sufferings, reached the shores of the sacred lake
of Mansarowar, the source of the Sutlej. Thence the undaunted missionary found