Southern Tibet : vol.1 / 67 ページ（カラー画像）

0067	Southern Tibet : vol.1
南チベット : vol.1

and scholars just mentioned. The next step forwards, an immense step, was taken
by ALEXANDER and his generals, which, amongst other parts, embraced the land
of the Paropamisadæ or Kabulistan and India to the Ganges.¹ Alexander twice
crossed the Hindu-kush. To him and his contemporary historians the system which
we know as the Himalaya, went under the designation of Emodus, which was, how-
ever, and correctly, regarded as a part or rather continuation of the Paropamisus
or Indian Caucasus.² In this Emodus all writers agreed in placing the sources of
the Indus. ›They appear to have supposed the sources to have been not very re-
mote from the point where the Indus issued from the mountains, at the gorge of
Derbend (about 60 miles above Attock) where it first became known to them. Of
its real origin in the remote valleys of Tibet they had of course no idea.‹³

Megasthenes was probably the first Greek who ever reached the banks of
the Ganges and gave an account of the river from personal observation. ›Of its
sources he had of course no definite knowledge, but was correctly informed that it
took its rise in the Indian Caucasus (the Himalaya), and after flowing at first to the
south, then turned eastwards.‹ His direct information was confined to the Indus and
the Ganges and their surroundings; of the mountains to the north he seems to
have had no knowledge. He enumerates 19 tributaries to the Ganges by name,
though their identification is uncertain. The work of Megasthenes has perished,
but considerable and very important extracts have been preserved to us in the works
of STRABO and ARRIAN, whose description of India is taken from Megasthenes.

ERATOSTHENES was born at Cyrene in 276 B. C. He supposed the range of
Imaus that bounded the country to the north to have its direction from west to
east, while the Indus flowed from north to south. Eratosthenes believed that a
great range, under different names for different sections, Taurus, Paropamisus, and
Imaus, traversed the whole of Asia from west to east.

HIPPARCHUS gave India an enormous length from south to north and had
therefore to remove the mountain barrier, which is its northern boundary, much too
far to the north. He also made the Indus flow to the south-east. About 100 B. C.

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