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| 0130 |
Southern Tibet : vol.1 |
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OCR Text
written in 1792 by MA SHAO-YÜN and MEI HSI-SHENG, for this work was found
to contain nearly all earlier Chinese information. Rockhill supplemented the in-
formation of Wei-tsang-t'u-chih by extracts from all Chinese works published down
to 1891, thus adding several itineraries and other facts which had not been men-
tioned in older books. Rockhill gives the titles of thirteen different works which
have been his principal sources.¹
BRETSCHNEIDER regards the *Ta-ch'ing-i-t'ung-chih*, or *Great Geography of
the Chinese empire under the Ta-ch'ing* (Manchu) *dynasty* as the most important
of the Chinese works providing us with geographical knowledge of the Chinese Em-
pire and its dependencies. Its first edition appeared in 1743, while the second much
enlarged edition was published in 1764 and contains 500 chapters. The best map
of the Chinese dominions is the *Ta-ch'ing-i-t'ung-yü-t'u*, which was published in Wu-
ch'ang-fu in 1863.²
However, before I proceed to quote some interesting passages from these and
other more recent works, I may be allowed to enter a few quotations from what the
early Chinese chronicles have to say about the relations between China and Tibet.
During the T'ang dynasty Tibet is mentioned as one of the four great powers
which made war against China, and from the early part of the same dynasty the
first embassy from Tibet to the court of the Chinese Emperor is mentioned: »The
first day of the fifth moon, 634, an eclipse of the sun took place. The emperor
received an embassy from the king of Tibet. The name of this country was T'u-
fan (old pronunciation T'u-po). This king was called Tsan-p'u. He had formidable
armies and was feared by all his neighbours.» ³
EDOUARD CHAVANNES reminds us of the great extent of the Tibetan domin-
ions in the latter half of the seventh century. In 663 the Tibetans had gained a
great victory over the T'u-yü-hun,⁴ a Tungus people who had established them-
selves in the region of Koko-nor. In 670 the Tibetans conquered the »four garrisons»,
Kucha, Khotan, Kashgar, and Tokmak. The Chinese came to the assistance of the
Tungus tribe, but the imperial troops were completely defeated in the valley of
Bukhain-gol. Thenceforward the Tibetans, being sovereigns of Koko-nor and Eastern
Turkestan, became very powerful and mixed themselves constantly in the affairs of
the western Turks, their neighbours to the north, while India was their neighbour
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