Southern Tibet : vol.2 / 417 ページ（白黒高解像度画像）

0417	Southern Tibet : vol.2
南チベット : vol.2

run from the Kala-tso, as is represented by many maps. It rises in a full head of water
that breaks from under an old glacier bed which fronts the eastern end of the Kala
plain, and flows with an even and increasing current in a northerly direction.›¹

On Ryder's map the main branch of Nyang-chu comes from the mountains
west of Yamdok-tso, whereas the Kiang Lope Chu, which originates from the neigh-
bourhood of Kala-tso, is a tributary. Ryder says in his text: ›There is no outlet to
the Kala Tso, but there are obvious signs that in ancient times the water flowed
out of the lake into the narrow gorge, and so to Gyangtse and the Tsangpo. About
8 miles from the lake in this direction a small stream rises from what is probably an
underground flow from the lake, and flows in a broad and deep bed down the gorge.›²

At the present time Yamdok-tso seems not to possess an outlet, but of Rung-
chu, which flows into the Tsangpo, Ryder says: ›I have no doubt whatever that this
is the old outlet of the Yamdrok Tso, which now is land-locked.› As the lake is
fresh it may be an analogy to Rakas-tal and the Satlej.

As in the case of the source of Nyang-chu the opinions are so different with
Europeans who have visited the place almost simultaneously, one should not expect
too much from other tributaries to the Tsangpo. It should be remembered, however,
that Turner on his map makes the river rise not from, but east of the Kala-tso
and that he even writes on his map: ›Sources of the River Painom-tchieu.› This
view is obviously quite correct and there is no probability for a periodicity of the
same kind as the Rakas-tal and Satlej. Of Bogle's visit to the lakes Markham
says: ›Four days after leaving Pari, Mr. Bogle discovered two large Alpine lakes,
colled Shamtzo and Calutzo, connected with each other by a stream. He also traced
the river flowing out of the Calutzo Lake, and found that to be a tributary of the
Brahmaputra, and identical with the Penanang-chu. The name of the second lake
and the direction of the outlet are entirely new geographical facts.›³

Colonel S. G. BURRARD places the Nyang-chu very clearly in the following
words: ›The Nyang tributary rises near two lakes north of Chumalhari, forces its
way through the Ladak range, and falls into the Brahmaputra near Shigatze. It is
the only Tibetan tributary of the Brahmaputra that drains the great Himalayan range
and the only river east of Manasarowar that pierces the Ladak range . . . The
Arun, the Kali Gandak, the Birehi and others rise in the Ladak range and pierce
the great Himalaya, the Nyang rises in the great Himalaya and pierces the Ladak.›⁴
He regards the Ki-chu as rising from the Nien-chen-tang-la range and forcing its
passage through the Kailas range. He regards the bifurcation of the Kailas range

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