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their example. Therefore the source of the Satlej had to be searched for elsewhere,
and Vincent found it probable that it must be situated in the ranges which were
supposed to be a continuation of the mountains on the eastern border of Kashmir.
The upper Indus of the Lama map was also believed to be a source branch of
the Ganges, and therefore, naturally enough, the upper Indus was regarded as al-
together missing on the Lama map, as published by d'Anville, and Vincent, of
course, had nothing else to say than that the ultimate source of the Indus always
remained unknown. On Vincent's map, which was published in London in 1797, none
of the Panjab rivers come from western Tibet.

On the general map of GEORGE FORSTER's journey, 1783—84, the Satlej has
its source not very far above Belaspoor, and the Indus comes down to Attock from
the N.N.E. Farther east we have the Ganges, formed, as on d'Anville's map, by
the real upper Indus and upper Satlej.

The map of Kashmir in the second volume of Forster's work ¹ is indeed
interesting. Its title is: Carte du Pays de Kachmyr tirée d'une Description de
l'Hindoustan, manuscrite, déposée à la Bibliothèque Nationale, par feu le Capᵉ
Gentil, and it contains both the source of the Indus and of the Satlej (Pl. II). To
the N.W. of Srinagar is Petit Thibet and to the N.E. Grand Thibet with Andrade's
city, Tchaproungue. Kashmir is separated from the two Tibets by a very high range
of mountains, called Chaîne des Montagnes du Kantal, in which we recognize Desi-
deri's Kantal, or Zoji-la above Baltal. At any rate, the range of Kantal represents
a water-parting of the greatest importance, for on it we find a lake, due north
of Srinagar, which is the origin of a branch of the Sind, obviously the Sind of
Sonamarg, flowing south, and the great Sind, flowing north, but immediately turning
to the west and south. On the lake is written: 'Source du Sind'. Thus the source
of the Indus is given as only twice as far from Srinagar as Baramola. And that it
is really the great Indus itself appears from the fact that it flows direct to Attock.
Unfortunately the Kishen Ganga joins it above Attock.

Not less curious is the representation of Satlej, which is smaller and shorter
than its neighbour the Chenab. The legend: Source du Setledje is placed S.E. of
Srinagar at about twice the distance to Baramola. It is quite natural that the river
here does not come from a lake, for the Manasarovar and Rakas-tal were, since the
survey of the Lamas, occupied by the Ganges.

On the north and N.E. Kashmir is, according to Forster, bordered by the
mountains of Tibet. ² He regards them as a branch of the immense range which
begins at the Black Sea, runs through Armenia and along the south coast of the
Caspian Sea and stretches through the provinces N.E. of Persia all the way to Tibet
and China.