Southern Tibet : vol.2 / 145 ページ（カラー画像）

0145	Southern Tibet : vol.2
南チベット : vol.2

but not with Walker's map. The fall of the Indus he calculates at 16.25 feet per
Engl. mile, although he points out the different rate of fall in different sections of
the river.
›Gnari-khorsum‹ or ›the three dependent districts‹, he divides into three parts,
of which the southern contains the lakes Rakustál, Mansaráur and Tso Kongkyú and
runs parallel to the Satlej valley. The second part is crossed by the Indus, and
has on its left or southern side a small mountain range, on which the passes Chóko-
la and Bóko-la are situated, whereas on the northern side the river is bordered by
the mountain range of Chomoráng. The third part is situated between the Chomorang
mountains and the Kara-korum. Guge belongs to the Satlej, Purang to the Ganges
and Gar to the Indus.
He knows, probably from Naín Sing, that Thókchen is the last station before
the Maryum-la and is situated between the Manasarovar and Gunchu-tso on the river
›Som‹. The Gunchu-tso, or, as he writes the name, Tso Kongkyú, he calls one of
the salt lakes, characteristic for Tibet. The two greater lakes have fresh water and
are joined by a river-bed, which, however, is not filled with water the whole year
round. Here he goes even too far, for he could have added that in some years
there is no water at all in the channel. The Tibetan names for the lakes he finds
to be: Tso Mápan or Mápham and Tso Lágnag or Lánag. Further on he seems
to have changed his opinion for he says,¹ that in spite of the not insignificant changes
of the depth of the lakes in the period of the year, the effluence of water from
Manasarovar does not seem to be interrupted, and, quoting Strachey, he says that
in high-water times a periodical outflow may exist by which the Satlej would be
extended to the lakes. ²
At the foot of the Jilkva, a little transverse range,³ which is crossed on the
way to Gartok, the Satlej turns more directly west and enters a very great valley
which he easily recognises as a former gigantic freshwater lake. Its level was lowered
by continued erosion at the place of its outlet and at the same time it was filled by
sand, clay and shingle, and so the lake disappeared. In these deposits the Satlej
and its tributaries continue to cut down their beds. With this ›Guge Lake‹ he com-
pares the old Kashmir lake which was emptied by the Jhelum. The deposits are
horizontal, and of tertiary and diluvial epoch. He estimates these lacustrine deposits
at a depth of 1,000 or 1,500 feet, nay, in some places, even at 3,000. Where the
Mangnang river joins the Satlej, Adolph Schlagintweit found the depth of erosion to
be 1,500 feet. But still the erosion did not go so far down as to the jurassic ground
of the former lake basin.

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