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| 0154 |
Southern Tibet : vol.3 |
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plain fact it is apparent, that these grand peak crowned ridges will determine
the essential character of the aqueous distribution of the very extended moun-
tainous chain along which they occur at certain palpable and tolerably regular
intervals.»
The article is full of suggestive theories in physical geography and touches
many other problems of natural history. It shows an author of unusual persipicacity
and clearsightedness. The map, partly the same as Pl. XV, has nowdays only the
value of being a document in the history of Himalayan cartography. Its almost
geometrical regularity of the relations between Himalayan orography and hydrography
has in later times been succeeded by a much more complicated system of ridges
and rivers. On his map he has drawn the head ranges and the transverse ridges
with the high peaks but not the watershed between the Brahmaputra and Ganges.
He includes the Yamdok-tso within the drainage area of the Indian rivers, although
already the Lama surveyors and Klaproth on his map of 1828¹ knew that the lake
formed a self-contained basin and the Kashmiri Amir, whose itinerary he had published
some 18 years earlier, had described the lake as salt. If he had examined the
materials existing, he would never have represented the Manas river as beginning
from the Yamdok-tso.
In a third article by Brian Hodgson the Nien-chen-tang-la appears.² The
subject is chiefly linguistic but the indefatigable author also gives some geographical
hints: »Hórsók is a compound Tibetan word by which the people of Tibet designate
the Nomads who occupy the whole northern part of their country, or that lying
beyond the Nyenchhen-thánglá range of mountains, and between it and the Kuenlún
chain. Hórsók designates the two distinct races of the Hór and Hórpa and the Sók
or Sókpa, neither of whom, so far as I have means to learn, is led by the possession
of a native name at once familiar and general, to eschew the Tibetan appellations
as foreign . . . The Hórpa occupy the western half of the region above defined, or
northern Tibet; and also a deal of Little Bucharia and of Songaria, where they are
denominated Kao-tsé by the Chinese, and Ighúrs (as would seem) by themselves.
The Sokpa occupy the eastern half of northern Tibet as above defined, and also,
the wide adjacent country usually called Khokho-núr and Tangút by Europeans, but
by the Tibetans, Sokyeul or Sokland. In southern Tibet, or Tibet south of the
Nyenchhen-thánglá chain, there are numerous scattered Hórpas and Sókpas, as there
are many scattered Bodpas in northern Tibet; but, in general, that great mountain
chain, the worthy rival of the Himálaya and the Kuenlún, may be said to divide
the nomadic Hórpas and Sókpas from the non-nomadic Bodpas or Tibetans proper.
Though the major part be Buddhists, yet there are some followers of Islam among
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