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| 0514 |
Southern Tibet : vol.3 |
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4 or 5 tents with flocks, and south of Teta-la 3 tents. On the shore of Teri-nam-
tso two tents and flocks.
The usual difficulties in determining the administrative boundaries are en-
countered on this line of crossing, too. Bongba-changrang is the district of Bongba
which is north of Sangmo-bertik-la, S.W. and S.S.W. of Chokchu and east of Kebyang.
All the way to Sangmo-bertik-la the tribute is said to be paid to Saka-dsong, but
north of the pass to Bongba-changrang. Camps 405, 406 and 407 are said to be
within the district Bongba-chushar, which has to the west Bongba-changrang, to the
north Soma-tima and to the east Soma-lobruk; north of Soma-tima is Chokchu,
which, like the whole of Bongba, is under the direct jurisdiction of Devashung in
Lhasa. Further east is Targo-largyap-changma.¹ The district of Bongba-chushar is
subdivided into many small districts, as Deva-hloma, Deva-kibuk with Camp 407,
Deva-changma, Deva-doma, and Deva-tesa; the word deva is said to mean direct
dependence on Devashung. The region round Camp 410 at the southern shore of
Teri-nam-tso is called Sangye-ngama-buk. It is a part of the Lavang district which
is said to belong to the Saka-dsong province. Nyaga-changma is north of Tseti-la
and west of Camp 410. North and N.E. of Teri-nam-tso and stretching eastwards to
Dangra-yum-tso is Chokchu, a district with a chief but no governor. The following
districts north of Sangmo-bertik-la are reported as paying their tribute to Saka-dsong:
Chang-rang, Chushar, Sangye-ngama-buk, Chugtso, all being under the Devashung;
and Soyung or Soma-yung, Sotib or Soma-tima, Sochang or Soma-changma, Targo-
largyap-changma, Patö, Targo-largyap-hloma, Rusar, Hlorbu and Chechen, all be-
longing to Labrang or Tashi-lunpo. The tribute, which is said to amount to 7 000
tenga in all, is collected by officials from Saka-dsong; most of the tax is paid in
natura. During my visit to Kangmar some 50 nomads had gathered there to pay
their taxes to the collectors from Saka-dsong. Much of the information given by
the nomads about the administration is unreliable. Thus for instance one informant
affirmed that Sangye-ngama-buk paid its tribute to Naktsang, though otherwise it
belonged to Saka-dsong.
The serpun-lam or gold-inspectors' road goes from Lhasa to Dölung, Guring-
la, Shansa-dsong, between Targo-gangri and Dangra-yum-tso, through southern
Chokchu, and further westwards as will be related hereafter.
On the eastern shore of Lapchung-tso there is an important road, as is best
seen just along the shore, where at least fifty pathways, trodden by innumerable sheep,
run parallel to each other; for the eastern hills force the caravans to keep to the
shore; further north, on the open plain this road seems to disappear, for here every
caravan takes its own path. This great road is said to come from Tsongka-dsong
and proceed to Bongba-changrang and Chokchu; not far from Lapchung-tso it
divides into 5 branches going to 5 different passes in the N.W. and north. The
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