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| 0041 |
Southern Tibet : vol.4 |
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Tab. 2. It shows the mountain groups, to the N. W., north, and N. E. of the camp,
which, from this point, conceal the water-parting range of the *Kara-korum*. To the
N. 69° E. we see the upper reaches of the *Chang-chenmo* valley and notice the more
plateau-like morphology of the regions, from which the river derives its water. Up-
wards through this valley the road continues to the important pass *Lanek-la*, which
was closed to me by the Anglo-Indian government, but had been crossed by Carey
in 1886, by Bower in 1891—92, by Dutreuil de Rhins in 1892—95, by Deasy in
1896—99, and by Rawling in 1903—4. The road I was going to take to reach
the high plateau-lands of northern Tibet had chiefly been surveyed by the members
of the second Forsyth Mission, as described in the historical part of this work
(Vol. VII).
The nearest mountains south of the *Chang-chenmo* are visible on the panorama
to the S. 77° E., and to the S. S. E. is the ramification separating the *Spanglung* valley
from the main valley. To the S. W. are the ridges standing between the *Manlung*
and *Chang-chenmo* valleys. And to the west we see the great main valley through
which the *Chang-chenmo* goes down to the junction with the *Shayok*. One thing
is very conspicuous in this panorama, and that is the high development of the
erosion terraces, which, especially to the S. E., south, and S. W. even hide a consider-
able part of the mountains. They prove how enormous the water masses must have
been which, during pluvial and post-pluvial times, have rushed down the valley, and
how gigantic their erosive power has been. In those days the whole valley must
have been filled with water, whereas now a comparatively very small part was
covered by the water, which, it is true, in the end of August, is no more in flood.
The river has also a period in the course of 24 hours. In the evening of
the *26th of August* it was much bigger than at midday on the 27th, and during the
night it had grown to a certain limit as was shown by considerable parts of the bed
being still wet the next day. Just opposite the camp the breadth was 17 m., the
maximum depth 0,88 m., and the average depth 0,55 m. The average velocity of
the water was 1,50 m., and the maximum 1,90. The volume of water thus amounted
to 14 cub. m. per second. In June and July the river cannot be crossed at this
point. According to my Ladakis its real name is *Kograng-sanspo*, whereas *Chang-
chenmo* is said to be the name of the whole region, perhaps including the tributaries
to the main river. The bushes around our camp are called *ombo* by the Ladakis,
and *boghana* by the Turkis.
From *Pamsal* down to *Shayok* there is a road which may be used only during
the winter, when the river-bed is dry. My Ladakis knew only three names on
this road: *Nomachen, Nomachun*, and *Ororotse*, all with fuel and some grazing, but
without inhabitants. From the last-named place it was said to be a »two days» journey
to the junction with the *Shayok*. To the east they reckoned five days to *Lanek-la*
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404
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416
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453
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464
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474
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484
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541
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568
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583
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615
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629
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665
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677
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692
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707
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725
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736
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746
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