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| 0375 |
Southern Tibet : vol.4 |
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of undulations of the ground. To the naked eye it is perfectly horizontal. Some-
times we cross belts of coarse sand, the last remains of the destruction of the rocks.
But never even a rudiment of a dune of drifted sand, is seen. In profile, the floor
of the valley between the base of the screes to the right and left is a nearly per-
fectly straight horizontal line. It is easy to see how complete and even the filling
up of the space between the two ranges has been. This is the result of wind,
weather, rain and erosion, and the work of filling continues day by day. The action
of transport, on the other hand, is not great. Only during a limited part of the
year, the Indus carries away solid material in a very fine state of division. By far
the greater part of the material washed down by the water, remains in the valley.
This procedure continuing for thousands of years, will finally succeed in making the
valley as even as a floor. Only where the screes meet one another, the ground
becomes undulated.
We pass Kugu-nara to the right, and Lungsor and Lungbo to the left.
Mane-tumtum, situated on a bend of the river, is a mani wall, very well built,
partly of masonry, and covered with engraved stones with the usual formula. Then
follows a whole series of small manis. Now there is a good deal of grass and
bushes along the river. The road is following the base of the mountains to the
left, and so is the river in this section of its course. Sometimes it is divided into
two branches. Manlung and Dumtse are valleys to the right. Where the valley,
Ringtung-nana, enters from the left, we cross the river, which here is covered with
very solid ice. The breadth of the stream was here 78.7 m., the mean depth, 0.46 m.,
the maximum depth, 0.78 m., the mean velocity, 0.357 m., and the volume 12.98 cub. m.
per second. Eight days before or on November 11th, we had found the volume to
be 16.45 cub. m. per second. Now the river had, therefore, 3.47 cub. m. less. This
is due to the severe cold in the mountains of the higher regions, more and more
spring-water being bound as ice. This diminishing of the volume, would, no doubt,
continue in the course of the winter, though, of course, not at such a rate as during
these last eight days. Lower down it comes to a point where it begins to increase,
by means of the water brought down by tributaries. Camp CCLXIII, Dung-kang,
was situated on the right bank. From here, two small panoramas were sketched,
363 and 364, Tab. 64, the first to the N. E. and east, the latter to the N. W. showing
the high mountain group beyond Chushul.
On November 20th, we made 17.3 km. N. W., sinking from 4,186 m. to 4,179 m.,
or 7 m., which is the same as 1 : 2471. The fall of the valley is, therefore, still
insignificant, and it would be impossible to tell whether the ground descends or
ascends, if we had not the river at our side. The landscape remains extremely
monotonous. In the large features there are no changes whatever; two ranges with
innumerable shoulders and short, steep ramifications, screes and fans, transverse
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541
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568
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583
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600
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615
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629
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643
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654
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665
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677
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692
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707
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725
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736
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746
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756
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